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The World Health Organization states "As a social construct, gender varies from society to society and can change over time." [132] Sociologists generally regard gender as a social construct. For instance, Ann Oakley, a professor of sociology and social policy, says "the constancy of sex must be admitted, but so also must the variability of ...
The two terms refer to distinctly separate legal concepts. Pay equality, or equal pay for equal work, refers to the requirement that men and women be paid the same if performing the same job in the same organization. For example, a female electrician must be paid the same as a male electrician in the same organization.
Diversity refers to the presence of variety within the organizational workforce in characteristics such as gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, disability, age, culture, class, veteran status, or religion. [2] [12] Equity refers to concepts of fairness and justice, such as fair compensation and substantive equality. [12]
One cause of the gender pay gap may be due to occupational segregation, which pushes men and women towards gender-specific forms of employment, rather than pay discrimination. Another possible cause is the double burden , a phenomenon in which women perform most of the unpaid childcare and household work despite being otherwise employed for pay.
Female filmmakers protesting the gender pay gap and other inequalities in the film industry, during the 2018 Cannes Film Festival. The gender pay gap can be a problem from a public policy perspective because it reduces economic output and means that women are more likely to be dependent upon welfare payments, especially in old age. [11] [12] [13]
Despite progress made over the years, the gender pay gap still exists across all racial and ethnic groups in the U.S.. According to a new report from the Institute for Women's Policy Research ...
The gender pay gap refers to the median annual pay of all woman who work full-time and year-round, thus compared to the pay of a similar background of men. [77] There is not one reason behind this gender pay gap, rather the pay gap is a result of many factors that cannot be apparent to the general public.
Social stratification refers to a society's categorization of its people into groups based on socioeconomic factors like wealth, income, race, education, ethnicity, gender, occupation, social status, or derived power (social and political). It is a hierarchy within groups that ascribe them to different levels of privileges. [1]