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The symbol grounding problem is a concept in the fields of artificial intelligence, cognitive science, philosophy of mind, and semantics.It addresses the challenge of connecting symbols, such as words or abstract representations, to the real-world objects or concepts they refer to.
A distinction is typically made between grounding relations and other dependence relations, such as causation [1] or realization. Grounding is often considered to be a form of non-causal determination or priority. [2] [3] According to some in favor of the idea, things which are less fundamental are grounded in things that are more fundamental. [4]
Grounding, a strategy for coping with stress or other negative emotions; Grounding in communication, the collection of mutual knowledge, beliefs, and assumptions; "common ground" Ground (electricity), a common return path for electric current; Symbol grounding problem, a problem in cognition and artificial intelligence
A physical symbol system (also called a formal system) takes physical patterns (symbols), combining them into structures (expressions) and manipulating them (using processes) to produce new expressions. The physical symbol system hypothesis (PSSH) is a position in the philosophy of artificial intelligence formulated by Allen Newell and Herbert ...
The test is not sensitive to the location of brain-damage (except for damage comprising part of the visual field). [1] It consists of (e.g. nine) digit-symbol pairs (e.g. 1/-, 2/┴, ... 7/Λ, 8/X, 9/=) followed by a list of digits. [2] [3] [4] Under each digit the subject should write down the corresponding symbol as fast as possible. The ...
[1] [4] In 2014, Artur Avila won a Fields Medal for work including the solution of three Simon problems. [5] [6] Among these was the problem of proving that the set of energy levels of one particular abstract quantum system was, in fact, the Cantor set, a challenge known as the "Ten Martini Problem" after the reward that Mark Kac offered for ...
John McCarthy and Patrick J. Hayes defined this problem in their 1969 article, Some Philosophical Problems from the Standpoint of Artificial Intelligence. In this paper, and many that came after, the formal mathematical problem was a starting point for more general discussions of the difficulty of knowledge representation for artificial ...
A ground term is a term that contains no variables. Ground terms may be defined by logical recursion (formula-recursion): Elements of are ground terms;; If is an -ary function symbol and ,, …, are ground terms, then (,, …,) is a ground term.