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Mental calculation has long been a component of mathematical education. Mental calculation consists of arithmetical calculations using only the human brain, with no help from any supplies (such as pencil and paper) or devices such as a calculator.
The language of thought hypothesis (LOTH), [1] sometimes known as thought ordered mental expression (TOME), [2] is a view in linguistics, philosophy of mind and cognitive science, forwarded by American philosopher Jerry Fodor.
The first major use of the term was as a result of the Mind Sports Olympiad in 1997. [1] The phrase had been used prior to this event such as backgammon being described as a mind sport by Tony Buzan in 1996; Tony Buzan was also a co-founder of the Mind Sports Olympiad. [2]
The Mind Sports Olympiad (MSO) is an annual international multi-disciplined competition and festival for games of mental skill and mind sports by Mind Sports Organisation.The inaugural event was held in 1997 in London with £100,000 prize fund [1] and was described as possibly the biggest games festival ever held.
The metaphor of the cognitive miser assumes that the human mind is limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. [4] Usually people do not think rationally or cautiously, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments.
A mental state, or a mental property, is a state of mind of a person. Mental states comprise a diverse class, including perception, pain/pleasure experience, belief, desire, intention, emotion, and memory.
The term mental model is believed to have originated with Kenneth Craik in his 1943 book The Nature of Explanation. [1] [2] Georges-Henri Luquet in Le dessin enfantin (Children's drawings), published in 1927 by Alcan, Paris, argued that children construct internal models, a view that influenced, among others, child psychologist Jean Piaget.
The mental space is a theoretical construct proposed by Gilles Fauconnier [1] corresponding to possible worlds in truth-conditional semantics.The main difference between a mental space and a possible world is that a mental space does not contain a faithful representation of reality, but an idealized cognitive model. [2]