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The orchestra is divided into four groups (five if a keyboard instrument is used) and specified as follows: [1] Woodwind instruments: flutes, oboes, clarinets, saxophones (if one or more are needed), bassoons
Keyboard instruments are not usually a standard members of a 2010-era orchestra or concert band, but they are included occasionally. In orchestras from the 1600s to the mid-1750s, a keyboard instrument such as the pipe organ or harpsichord was normally played with an orchestra, with the performer improvising chords from a figured bass part.
In tunings such as 1:1, 9:8, 5:4, 3:2, 7:4, 2:1, all the pitches are chosen from the harmonic series (divided by powers of 2 to reduce them to the same octave), so all the intervals are related to each other by simple numeric ratios. Pythagorean tuning Prelude No. 1, C major, BWV 846, from the Well-Tempered Clavier by Johann Sebastian Bach.
In England the term low pitch was used from 1896 onward to refer to the new Philharmonic Society tuning standard of A = 439 Hz at 68 °F (20 °C), while "high pitch" was used for the older tuning of A = 452.4 Hz at 60 °F (16 °C). Although the larger London orchestras were quick to conform to the new low pitch, provincial orchestras continued ...
Variations was commissioned by the San Francisco Symphony, and is dedicated to Betty Freeman. A chamber orchestra version of the piece was performed at Carnegie Hall on February 19, 1980. This was a "preview" performance, using Reich's own musicians, to give Reich a better sense of the piece's sound before its official debut.
1 Flute Key Click 123 0 Seashore: 1 Rain: 2 Thunder: 3 Wind: 4 Stream: 5 Bubble: 124 0 Bird: 1 Dog: 2 Horse-Gallop: 3 Bird 2: 125 0 Telephone 1: 1 Telephone 2: 2 Door Creaking 3 Door Closing 4 Scratch: 5 Wind Chimes: 126 0 Helicopter: 1 Car-Engine: 2 Car-Stop 3 Car-Pass 4 Car-Crash: 5 Siren: 6 Train: 7 Jetplane: 8 Starship: 9 Burst Noise 127 0 ...
The just perfect fifth can be heard when a violin is tuned: if adjacent strings are adjusted to the exact ratio of 3:2, the result is a smooth and consonant sound, and the violin sounds in tune. Keyboard instruments such as the piano normally use an equal-tempered version of the perfect fifth, enabling the instrument to play in all keys.
An orchestral reduction is a sheet music arrangement of a work originally for full symphony orchestra (such as a symphony, overture, or opera), rearranged for a single instrument (typically piano or organ), a smaller orchestra, or a chamber ensemble with or without a keyboard (e.g. a string quartet).