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Katz observes that the Western world initially dismissed the Nuremberg Code as a "code for barbarians, but unnecessary (or superfluous) for ordinary physicians." [1] [14] Additionally, the final judgment did not specify whether the Code should be applied to cases such as political prisoners, convicted felons, and healthy volunteers.
However, the Nuremberg Code does contain stipulations not found in the Guidelines – the clause requiring subjects be given the freedom to leave the experiment at any time is one such example. The Guidelines for Human Experimentation remained in effect through the end of the Third Reich in 1945, [1] and continued to exist in the law until 1948 ...
After the war, these crimes were tried at what became known as the Doctors' Trial, and the abuses perpetrated led to the development of the Nuremberg Code of medical ethics. [6] During the Nuremberg Trials, 23 Nazi doctors and scientists were tried for the unethical treatment of concentration camp inmates, who were often used as research ...
A portion of the verdict handed down in the doctors' trial became commonly known as the Nuremberg Code, the first international document to clearly articulate the concept that "the voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential". Individual consent was emphasized in the Nuremberg Code in order to prevent prisoners of war ...
[1] [2] [3] During the Doctors' trial, the defense argued that there was no international law to distinguish between legal and illegal human experimentation, [4] which led to the creation of the Nuremberg Code (1947).
Previous to the time of the Nuremberg Trials, this excuse was known in common parlance as "superior orders". [citation needed] After the prominent, high-profile event of the Nuremberg Trials, that excuse is now referred to by many as the "Nuremberg Defense". In recent times, a third term, "lawful orders" has become common parlance for some people.
Between 20 November 1945 and 1 October 1946, the International Military Tribunal (IMT), better known as the Nuremberg trials, tried 24 of the most important political and military leaders of Nazi Germany. Of those convicted, 11 were sentenced to death and 10 hanged.
The Code was not cited in any of the findings against the defendants and never made it into either German or American medical law. [67] This code comes from the Nuremberg Trials where the most heinous of Nazi leaders were put on trial for their war crimes.