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2. Pier (bridge structure) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier_(bridge_structure)

   Most of the piers of modern bridges are made of reinforced concrete or prestressed concrete for larger structures. Two types of forms are mainly encountered: columns or walls. Each support can be composed of one or more walls or columns. The standard-shaped walls that can be found on most highways are represented in the illustration opposite.

3. Tetrapod (structure) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapod_(structure)

   A tetrapod is a form of wave-dissipating concrete block used to prevent erosion caused by weather and longshore drift, primarily to enforce coastal structures such as seawalls and breakwaters. Tetrapods are made of concrete , and use a tetrahedral shape to dissipate the force of incoming waves by allowing water to flow around rather than ...

4. Caisson (engineering) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caisson_(engineering)

   Schematic cross section of a pressurized caisson. In geotechnical engineering, a caisson (/ ˈ k eɪ s ən,-s ɒ n /; borrowed from French caisson 'box', from Italian cassone 'large box', an augmentative of cassa) is a watertight retaining structure [1] used, for example, to work on the foundations of a bridge pier, for the construction of a concrete dam, [2] or for the repair of ships.

5. Pier (architecture) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier_(architecture)

   Cruciform pier in Wells Cathedral, England.. The simplest cross section of the pier is square, or rectangular, but other shapes are also common.In medieval architecture, massive circular supports called drum piers, cruciform (cross-shaped) piers, and compound piers are common architectural elements.

6. Girder bridge - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girder_bridge

   A pier is an intermediate support. The cap is the part that supports the bearing pads. Depending on the type of support structure, there may or may not be a cap. Wall piers and stub abutments do not require a cap, while a multi-column, hammerhead, or pile-bent pier will have a cap. The stem or stub is the main body of the foundation. It ...

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