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Historically, though, there is a subtle difference between the two terms. If the longitudinal members in a fuselage are few in number (usually 4 to 8) and run all along the fuselage length, then they are called "longerons". The longeron system also requires that the fuselage frames be closely spaced (about every 4 to 6 in or 10 to 15 cm).
A typical metal spar in a general aviation aircraft usually consists of a sheet aluminium spar web, with L- or T-shaped spar caps being welded or riveted to the top and bottom of the sheet to prevent buckling under applied loads. Larger aircraft using this method of spar construction may have the spar caps sealed to provide integral fuel tanks.
A cantilever spar cable-stayed bridge is a modern variation of the cable-stayed bridge.This design has been pioneered by the structural engineer Santiago Calatrava in 1992 with the Puente del Alamillo in Seville, Spain.
Each part was built around a single spar placed well forward, with plywood covering around the leading edge, forming a D-box, and forward of an angled internal drag strut which ran back from the spar to the upper fuselage longeron near the trailing edge. Behind the spar and drag strut the wing was fabric covered. It was mounted on the upper ...
Rough interior of a Boeing 747 airframe Wing structure with ribs and one spar The vertical stabilizer of the Airbus A310 -300, first flown in 1985, was the first carbon-fiber primary structure used in a commercial aircraft ; composites are increasingly used since in Airbus airliners: the horizontal stabilizer of the A320 in 1987 and A330 / A340 ...
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The wings were built up around two spars and covered with 1 mm plywood from the rear spar at mid-chord forward; on each side a lift strut linked the wing at about 1/3 span to the fuselage lower longeron. The wing was then fabric covered, with a wire-supported scalloped trailing edge. It carried narrow ailerons outboard.
The wing root fairing of an American Aviation AA-1 Yankee. An aircraft fairing is a structure whose primary function is to produce a smooth outline and reduce drag. [1]These structures are covers for gaps and spaces between parts of an aircraft to reduce form drag and interference drag, and to improve appearance.