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2. Renal compensation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_compensation

   Renal compensation is a mechanism by which the kidneys can regulate the plasma pH. It is slower than respiratory compensation , but has a greater ability to restore normal values. Kidneys maintain the acid-base balance through two mechanisms: (1) the secretion of H + ions into the urine (from the blood) and (2) the reabsorption of bicarbonate ...

3. Cardiorenal syndrome - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiorenal_syndrome

   acute cardiogenic shock or acute decompensation of chronic heart failure: Type 2 (chronic CRS) Chronic abnormalities in heart function: progressive chronic kidney disease: chronic heart failure: Type 3 (acute renocardiac syndrome) Abrupt worsening of kidney function: acute cardiac disorder (e.g. heart failure, abnormal heart rhythm, or ...

4. Urea-to-creatinine ratio - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urea-to-creatinine_ratio

   BUN is disproportionately elevated relative to creatinine in serum. This may be indicative of hypoperfusion of the kidneys due to heart failure or dehydration. [4] Gastrointestinal bleeding or increased dietary protein can also increase the ratio. [4] 12–20:1 40–110:1 Normal or Postrenal (after the kidney) Normal range. Can also be ...

5. Creatinine - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatinine

   Serum creatinine concentrations may increase when an ACE inhibitor (ACEI) is taken for heart failure and chronic kidney disease. ACE inhibitors provide survival benefits for patients with heart failure and slow disease progression in patients with chronic kidney disease. An increase not exceeding 30% is to be expected with use of an ACE inhibitor.

6. Blood urea nitrogen - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_urea_nitrogen

   BUN is an indication of kidney health. The normal range is 2.1–7.1 mmol/L or 6–20 mg/dL. [1]The main causes of an increase in BUN are: high-protein diet, decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (suggestive of kidney failure), decrease in blood volume (hypovolemia), congestive heart failure, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, [5] fever, rapid cell destruction from infections, athletic ...

7. Heart failure - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failure

   Heart failure (HF), also known as congestive heart failure (CHF), is a syndrome caused by an impairment in the heart's ability to fill with and pump blood.. Although symptoms vary based on which side of the heart is affected, HF typically presents with shortness of breath, excessive fatigue, and bilateral leg swelling. [3]

8. Plasma renin activity - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_renin_activity

   Medications - Use of anti-hypertensive drugs, estrogen-containing forms of hormonal contraception, anti-anginals drugs, etc. (basically, most drugs that are active on the heart, blood vessels and/or the kidneys) Level of potassium; Level of creatinine (kidney failure can lead to false-positive ARR) Certain diseases of the heart, kidneys, etc.

9. Fractional excretion of sodium - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_excretion_of_sodium

   prerenal disease: the physiologic response to a decrease in kidney perfusion is an increase in sodium reabsorption to control hyponatremia, often caused by volume depletion or decrease in effective circulating volume (e.g. low output heart failure). above 2% [citation needed] or 3% [2] acute tubular necrosis or other kidney damage (postrenal ...