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A brachial plexus injury (BPI), also known as brachial plexus lesion, is an injury to the brachial plexus, the network of nerves that conducts signals from the spinal cord to the shoulder, arm and hand. These nerves originate in the fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth cervical (C5–C8), and first thoracic (T1) spinal nerves, and innervate the ...
Erb's palsy is a paralysis of the arm caused by injury to the upper group of the arm's main nerves, specifically the severing of the upper trunk C5–C6 nerves. These form part of the brachial plexus, comprising the ventral rami of spinal nerves C5–C8 and thoracic nerve T1.
Lower brachial plexus injuries should be distinguished from upper brachial plexus injuries, which can also result from birth trauma but give a different syndrome of weakness known as Erb's palsy. Other trauma, such as motorcycle accidents, that have similar spinal cord injuries to C8 and T1, also show the same symptoms of Klumpke's paralysis.
Injury to Erb's point is commonly sustained at birth or from a fall onto the shoulder.The nerve roots normally involved are C5 and partly C6. Symptoms include paralysis of the biceps, brachialis, and coracobrachialis (through the musculocutaneous nerve); the brachioradialis (through the radial nerve); and the deltoid (through the axillary nerve).
It is also known as brachial plexitis, and results in brachial plexus inflammation without any apparent shoulder injury. PTS can manifest with severe pain in the shoulder or arm, followed by numbness and weakness. [5] Parsonage–Turner syndrome occurs in about 1.6 out of 100,000 people every year. [6]
The patient would be unable to pull their shoulder back, as when standing at attention. Isolated dorsal scapular nerve injury is uncommon, but case reports usually involve injury to the scalene muscles. [5] The dorsal scapular nerve is typically not anaesthetised during a supraclavicular nerve block. [6] This can cause pain after some surgeries ...
Mechanisms of injury include: nerve lesions. [3] various sports injuries, typically occurring from a blow to the ribs underneath an outstretched arm. surgery for shoulder and thorax. [8] Treating breast cancer with removal of axillary lymph nodes. [9] carrying weight, such as heavy bags, over the shoulder for a prolonged time. [10]
While chronic progressive brachial monoplegia is uncommon, syringomyelia and tumors of the cervical cord or brachial plexus may be the cause. The onset of brachial plexus paralysis is usually explosive where pain is the initial feature. Pain localizes to the shoulder but may be more diffuse, or could be limited to the lower arm.