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  2. Faulty generalization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faulty_generalization

    A faulty generalization is an informal fallacy wherein a conclusion is drawn about all or many instances of a phenomenon on the basis of one or a few instances of that phenomenon. It is similar to a proof by example in mathematics. [1] It is an example of jumping to conclusions. [2]

  3. List of fallacies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies

    Wishful thinking – arguing for a course of action by the listener according to what might be pleasing to imagine rather than according to evidence or reason. [86] Appeal to nature – judgment is based solely on whether the subject of judgment is 'natural' or 'unnatural'. [87] (Sometimes also called the "naturalistic fallacy", but is not to ...

  4. Credulity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credulity

    Credulity is a person's willingness or ability to believe that a statement is true, especially on minimal or uncertain evidence. [1] [2] Credulity is not necessarily a belief in something that may be false: the subject of the belief may even be correct, but a credulous person will believe it without good evidence.

  5. Hypernymy and hyponymy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypernymy_and_hyponymy

    For example, screwdriver, scissors, knife, and hammer are all co-hyponyms of one another and hyponyms of tool, but not hyponyms of one another: *"A hammer is a type of knife" is false. Co-hyponyms are often but not always related to one another by the relation of incompatibility. For example, apple, peach and plum are co-hyponyms of fruit.

  6. Empirical evidence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_evidence

    A thing is evidence for a proposition if it epistemically supports this proposition or indicates that the supported proposition is true. Evidence is empirical if it is constituted by or accessible to sensory experience. There are various competing theories about the exact definition of the terms evidence and empirical. Different fields, like ...

  7. List of writing genres - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_writing_genres

    Reference work: publication that one can refer to for confirmed facts, such as a dictionary, thesaurus, encyclopedia, almanac, or atlas. Self-help: a work written with information intended to instruct or guide readers on solving personal problems. Obituary; Travel: literature containing elements of the outdoors, nature, adventure, and traveling.

  8. Glossary of literary terms - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_literary_terms

    Also apophthegm. A terse, pithy saying, akin to a proverb, maxim, or aphorism. aposiopesis A rhetorical device in which speech is broken off abruptly and the sentence is left unfinished. apostrophe A figure of speech in which a speaker breaks off from addressing the audience (e.g., in a play) and directs speech to a third party such as an opposing litigant or some other individual, sometimes ...

  9. Rationality - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationality

    Examples of irrationality in this sense include cognitive biases and violating the laws of probability theory when assessing the likelihood of future events. [12] This article focuses mainly on irrationality in the academic sense. The terms "rationality", "reason", and "reasoning" are frequently used as synonyms. But in technical contexts ...