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Estradiol is a naturally occurring and bioidentical estrogen, or an agonist of the estrogen receptor, the biological target of estrogens like endogenous estradiol. [10] Due to its estrogenic activity, estradiol has antigonadotropic effects and can inhibit fertility and suppress sex hormone production in both women and men.
The human body uses glucuronidation to make a large variety of substances more water-soluble, and, in this way, allow for their subsequent elimination from the body through urine or feces (via bile from the liver). Hormones are glucuronidated to allow for easier transport around the body. Pharmacologists have linked drugs to glucuronic acid to ...
Some of the water-soluble conjugates are excreted via the bile duct, and partly reabsorbed after hydrolysis from the intestinal tract. This enterohepatic circulation contributes to maintaining estradiol levels. Estradiol is also metabolized via hydroxylation into catechol estrogens.
While this response is helpful for short-term problems, like, say, running away from a bear, chronically elevated cortisol levels can disrupt metabolism and promote excess fat storage. Md Saiful ...
The menstrual cycle can cause fluctuations in estrogen, which can cause water retention, Johnson notes. Pregnancy also causes the body to hold onto excess fluids and swell, says Badgett.
Fat tissue can produce excess estrogen, so those with a higher body fat percentage may have high estrogen levels, says Dr. Guichard. There's an inverse relationship here, too: Higher estrogen ...
These polymeric estrogen esters are hydrophilic and water-soluble. Upon intramuscular injection, they do not form a depot and instead are rapidly absorbed into the circulation. However, they are only slowly cleaved into monomers, and as a result, have a very long duration in the body even outlasting that of many longer-chain fatty-acid estrogen ...
The circulating concentrations of estrogen glucuronides are generally more than 10-fold lower than those of estrone sulfate, the most abundant estrogen conjugate in the circulation. [8] Estradiol glucuronide has been identified as an agonist of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), a membrane estrogen receptor. [9]