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A mid-squares hash code is produced by squaring the input and extracting an appropriate number of middle digits or bits. For example, if the input is 123 456 789 and the hash table size 10 000, then squaring the key produces 15 241 578 750 190 521, so the hash code is taken as the middle 4 digits of the 17-digit number (ignoring the high digit ...
Identifying the in-place algorithms with L has some interesting implications; for example, it means that there is a (rather complex) in-place algorithm to determine whether a path exists between two nodes in an undirected graph, [3] a problem that requires O(n) extra space using typical algorithms such as depth-first search (a visited bit for ...
A singly-linked list structure, implementing a list with three integer elements. The term list is also used for several concrete data structures that can be used to implement abstract lists, especially linked lists and arrays. In some contexts, such as in Lisp programming, the term list may refer specifically to a linked list rather than an array.
Mask generation functions, as generalizations of hash functions, are useful wherever hash functions are. However, use of a MGF is desirable in cases where a fixed-size hash would be inadequate. Examples include generating padding, producing one-time pads or keystreams in symmetric-key encryption, and yielding outputs for pseudorandom number ...
In some variations of this problem, the output should list all cliques of size k. [18] In the clique decision problem, the input is an undirected graph and a number k, and the output is a Boolean value: true if the graph contains a k-clique, and false otherwise. [19] The first four of these problems are all important in practical applications.
Fixed-point representation of the rationals; Integer, a direct representation of either the integers or the non-negative integers; Reference, sometimes erroneously referred to as a pointer or handle, is a value that refers to another value, possibly including itself; Symbol, a unique identifier; Enumerated type, a set of symbols
In Python 2 (and most other programming languages), unless explicitly requested, x / y performed integer division, returning a float only if either input was a float. However, because Python is a dynamically-typed language, it was not always possible to tell which operation was being performed, which often led to subtle bugs, thus prompting the ...
An input list (or iterator). An optional predicate expression. And an output expression producing members of the output list from members of the input iterable that satisfy the predicate. The order of generation of members of the output list is based on the order of items in the input. In Haskell's list comprehension syntax, this set-builder ...