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Schematic apparatus for electrotyping. An electric current flows from the battery, through the copper anode, the electrolyte, and the coated mold. A copper film (the electrotype) grows onto the electrically conducting coating of the mold. Electrotyping (also galvanoplasty) is a chemical method for forming metal parts that exactly reproduce a model.
Simplified diagram for electroplating copper (orange) on a conductive object (the cathode, "Me", gray). The electrolyte is a solution of copper sulfate, CuSO 4 in sulfuric acid. A copper anode is used to replenish the electrolyte with copper cations Cu 2+ as they are plated out at the cathode.
Copper electroplating is the process of electroplating a layer of copper onto the surface of a metal object.
LIGA consists of three main processing steps: lithography, electroplating, and molding. There are two main LIGA-fabrication technologies, X-Ray LIGA, which uses X-rays produced by a synchrotron to create high-aspect-ratio structures, and UV LIGA, a more accessible method which uses ultraviolet light to create structures with relatively low aspect ratios.
Electrochemical machining (ECM) diagram. 1: Pump 2: Anode (workpiece) 3: Cathode (tool) 4: Electric current 5: Electrolyte 6: Electrons 7: Metal hydroxide. Electrochemical machining (ECM) is a method of removing metal by an electrochemical process.
Since a large share of air pollution is caused by combustion of fossil fuels such as coal and oil, the reduction of these fuels can reduce air pollution drastically. Most effective is the switch to clean power sources such as wind power , solar power , hydro power which do not cause air pollution. [ 286 ]
Photochemical air quality models have become widely utilized tools for assessing the effectiveness of control strategies adopted by regulatory agencies. These models are large-scale air quality models that simulate the changes of pollutant concentrations in the atmosphere by characterizing the chemical and physical processes in the atmosphere.
The schematic of a beta attenuation monitor (BAM). The detector allows to assess cumulative mass concentration of suspended particulate matter (PM) in the ambient air. Notation: 1 – air inlet; 2 – cycling ribbon; 3 and 4 – beta radiation sources; D1 and D2 – beta radiation detectors; 5 – air pump; 6 – air exhaust.