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Carbon steel is often divided into two main categories: low-carbon steel and high-carbon steel. It may also contain other elements, such as manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, and silicon, which can affect its properties. Carbon steel can be easily machined and welded, making it versatile for various applications.
Martensite in AISI 4140 steel 0.35% carbon steel, water-quenched from 870 °C. Martensite is a very hard form of steel crystalline structure. It is named after German metallurgist Adolf Martens. By analogy the term can also refer to any crystal structure that is formed by diffusionless transformation. [1]
Ledeburite arises when the carbon content is between 2.06% and 6.67%. The eutectic mixture of austenite and cementite is 4.3% carbon, Fe 3 C:2Fe, with a melting point of 1147 °C. Ledeburite-II (at ambient temperature) is composed of cementite-I with recrystallized secondary cementite (which separates from austenite as the metal cools) and ...
The iron-carbon phase diagram. While cementite is thermodynamically unstable, eventually being converted to austenite (low carbon level) and graphite (high carbon level) at higher temperatures, it does not decompose on heating at temperatures below the eutectoid temperature (723 °C) on the metastable iron-carbon phase diagram.
Iron-carbon phase diagram, showing the conditions under which austenite (γ) is stable in carbon steel. Allotropes of iron; alpha iron and gamma iron. Austenite, also known as gamma-phase iron (γ-Fe), is a metallic, non-magnetic allotrope of iron or a solid solution of iron with an alloying element. [1]
High-carbon steel was produced in Britain at Broxmouth Hillfort from 490–375 BC, [23] [24] and ultrahigh-carbon steel was produced in the Netherlands from the 2nd-4th centuries AD. [25] The Roman author Horace identifies steel weapons such as the falcata in the Iberian Peninsula, while Noric steel was used by the Roman military. [26]
Steel is between 0 and 2.06 mass percent of carbon. Cast iron is between 2.06 and 6.67%. Black lines indicate the metastable Fe/Fe3Cphase, red is the stable Fe/Carbon phase This diagram is for illustrative purposes only, and is not thermodynamically accurate.
The carbon diffusion during the formation of pearlite, just ahead of the growth front, is critical in determining the thickness of the lamellae and, consequently, the strength of the steel [5]. Bainite is a similar structure with lamellae much smaller than the wavelength of visible light and thus lacks this pearlescent appearance. It is ...