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The spitting cobra has evolved to aim the venom that it spits into or as close as possible to the antagonist’s face and eyes. [1] The cobras can measure and adjust the venom dosage being delivered, based on the size and relative distance of their target, in order to ensure the highest envenomation potential possible.
Naja ashei, commonly known as Ashe's spitting cobra or the giant spitting cobra, is a species of venomous snake in the family Elapidae. The species is native to Africa . It is the world's largest species of spitting cobra .
Further, the reported spitting range of this species is approximately 1 metre (3.3 ft), which is the lowest range of any of the spitting cobras. Although Wüster (unpublished) reports that N. siamensis readily spits and may have a longer range, closer to 2 metres (6.6 ft), which comes out in a stream. [7]
A proteomic study revealed a unique venom phenotype of the Samar cobra, which represents the easternmost dispersal of Naja cobra species. Like other Naja spp., Three-finger toxins (3FTx) dominate the venom proteome. 3FTx constituted 90% of the total venom proteins, recording by far the highest 3FTx abundance in snake venom.
The population currently included in Naja sumatrana have a confusing history. The species was first defined as currently understood in 1989. [9] Previously, the populations of this species were assigned to several different subspecies of Naja naja (Indian cobra), in particular N. n. sumatrana (Sumatra), N.n. sputatrix (Peninsular Malaysia) and N.n. miolepis (Borneo, Palawan). [10]
The spitting cobra can squirt venom from forward-facing holes in its fangs. [4] It aims for its victim's eyes, spitting up to 1.5 m. The venom may cause blindness. The Mangshan pitviper is also reported to spit venom.
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The Java spitting cobra is a medium to large sized snake and has long cervical ribs, capable of expanding to form a hood when threatened. The body of this species is compressed dorsoventrally and posteriorly cylindrical. The average length of an adult is 1.3 metres (4.3 ft), but they can grow to a maximum of around 1.85 metres (6.1 ft).