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  2. Shockley diode equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shockley_diode_equation

    is the elementary charge (the magnitude of an electron's charge). For example, it is approximately 25.852 mV at 300 K (27 °C; 80 °F). The reverse saturation current I S {\displaystyle I_{\text{S}}} is not constant for a given device, but varies with temperature; usually more significantly than V T {\displaystyle V_{\text{T}}} , so that V D ...

  3. Inverse electron-demand Diels–Alder reaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_electron-demand...

    This can be done one of two ways, either by electrostatic (charge) control, or orbital control. [2] [7] [9] To predict the regiochemistry via charge control, one must consider the resonance forms of the reactants. These resonance forms can be used to assign partial charges to each of the atoms.

  4. Cis effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cis_effect

    In inorganic chemistry, the cis effect is defined as the labilization (or destabilization) of CO ligands that are cis to other ligands. CO is a well-known strong pi-accepting ligand in organometallic chemistry that will labilize in the cis position when adjacent to ligands due to steric and electronic effects.

  5. Single-photon avalanche diode - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-photon_avalanche_diode

    SPADs are semiconductor devices that are based on a p–n junction that is reverse-biased at an operating voltage that exceeds the junctions breakdown voltage (). [3] " At this bias, the electric field is so high [higher than 3×10 5 V/cm] that a single charge carrier injected into the depletion layer can trigger a self-sustaining avalanche.

  6. Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium...

    CIGS is a I-III-VI 2 compound semiconductor material composed of copper, indium, gallium, and selenium.The material is a solid solution of copper indium selenide (often abbreviated "CIS") and copper gallium selenide, with a chemical formula of CuIn x Ga (1−x) Se 2, where the value of x can vary from 1 (pure copper indium selenide) to 0 (pure copper gallium selenide).

  7. Cope rearrangement - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cope_rearrangement

    The transition state of the molecule passes through a boat or chair like transition state. An example of the Cope rearrangement is the expansion of a cyclobutane ring to a cycloocta-1,5-diene ring: In this case, the reaction must pass through the boat transition state to produce the two cis double bonds.

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  9. Migratory insertion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migratory_insertion

    In organometallic chemistry, a migratory insertion is a type of reaction wherein two ligands on a metal complex combine. It is a subset of reactions that very closely resembles the insertion reactions, and both are differentiated by the mechanism that leads to the resulting stereochemistry of the products.