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In the Eurocode series of European standards (EN) related to construction, Eurocode 1: Actions on structures (abbreviated EN 1991 or, informally, EC 1) describes how to design load-bearing structures. It includes characteristic values for various types of loads and densities for all materials which are likely to be used in construction.
Annex A2 of EN 1990 gives rules and methods for establishing combinations of actions for serviceability and ultimate limit state verifications (except fatigue verifications) with the recommended design values of permanent, variable and accidental actions and ψ factors to be used in the design of road bridges, footbridges and railway bridges.
Section 3 of EN 1998-1 gives the rules for the representation of seismic actions and for their combination with other actions. Certain types of structures, dealt with in EN 1998-2 to EN 1998-6, need complementing rules which are given in those Parts. Section 4 of EN 1998-1 contains general design rules relevant specifically to buildings.
A load combination results when more than one load type acts on the structure. Building codes usually specify a variety of load combinations together with load factors (weightings) for each load type in order to ensure the safety of the structure under different maximum expected loading scenarios.
Limit State Design (LSD), also known as Load And Resistance Factor Design (LRFD), refers to a design method used in structural engineering. A limit state is a condition of a structure beyond which it no longer fulfills the relevant design criteria. [ 1 ]
BS 5400 consists of ten main parts: BS 5400-1:1988 Steel, concrete and composite bridges. General statement. BS 5400-2:2006 Steel, concrete and composite bridges. Specification for loads. BS 5400-3:2000 Steel, concrete and composite bridges. Code of practice for design of steel bridges. (This part of standard is being partially replaced)
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BS 4994:1987 – Specification for design and construction of vessels and tanks in reinforced plastics. British Standards. 1987-06-30. ISBN 0-580-15075-5. "Pressure Vessel Design Case Study". ESR Technology. Archived from the original on 2007-05-12. — a case study of the design process of a cylindrical vessel, using the BS 4994 methodology