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In integral calculus, Glasser's master theorem explains how a certain broad class of substitutions can simplify certain integrals over the whole interval from to +. It is applicable in cases where the integrals must be construed as Cauchy principal values, and a fortiori it is applicable when the integral converges absolutely.
A line integral (sometimes called a path integral) is an integral where the function to be integrated is evaluated along a curve. [42] Various different line integrals are in use. In the case of a closed curve it is also called a contour integral. The function to be integrated may be a scalar field or a vector field.
Improper integral; Indicator function; Integral of secant cubed; Integral of the secant function; Integral operator; Integral test for convergence; Integration by parts; Integration by parts operator; Integration by reduction formulae; Integration by substitution; Integration using Euler's formula; Integration using parametric derivatives; Itô ...
In integral calculus, Euler's formula for complex numbers may be used to evaluate integrals involving trigonometric functions. Using Euler's formula, any trigonometric function may be written in terms of complex exponential functions, namely e i x {\displaystyle e^{ix}} and e − i x {\displaystyle e^{-ix}} and then integrated.
Linearity of integration; Arbitrary constant of integration; Cavalieri's quadrature formula; Fundamental theorem of calculus; Integration by parts; Inverse chain rule method; Integration by substitution. Tangent half-angle substitution; Differentiation under the integral sign; Trigonometric substitution; Partial fractions in integration ...
Institutiones calculi integralis (Foundations of integral calculus) is a three-volume textbook written by Leonhard Euler and published in 1768. It was on the subject of integral calculus and contained many of Euler's discoveries about differential equations .
This integral can be transformed by the substitution + + = + into another integral ~ (~ ()), where ~ and ~ are now simply rational functions of . In principle, factorization and partial fraction decomposition can be employed to break the integral down into simple terms, which can be integrated analytically through use of the dilogarithm ...
These rules can be, in fact, stated as a theorem: one shows [1] that the proposed change of variable reduces (if the rule applies and if f is actually of the form () = (, ) (, )) to the integration of a rational function in a new variable, which can be calculated by partial fraction decomposition.
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