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Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai erupted over a span of 12 hours, releasing 1.9 km 3 (0.46 cu mi) of ejecta with an estimated mass of 2,900 teragrams. Although the eruption energy was soon estimated from the acoustic waves and the ash cloud, its ranking on the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) is still debated. [62]
Before the 2022 eruption, the highest point in the former Hunga Tonga reached an elevation of 149 m (489 ft), while Hunga Haʻapai was only 128 m (420 ft) above sea level. [3] Neither island was large: before they were connected in 2015, each island was about 2 km (1.2 mi) long, with Hunga Tonga being roughly 390,000 m 2 (0.15 sq mi) and Hunga ...
Timeline of volcanism on Earth (mostly VEI-6, within 2 kya) List of volcanic eruptions 1500–1999; List of volcanic eruptions in the 21st century; List of volcanic eruptions by death toll; List of large Holocene volcanic eruptions (VEI-5–7) List of large volcanic eruptions (VEI-5–8, within 450+ Mya)
For larger volcanoes that have erupted at least 1,000 km 3 (240 cu mi) of tephra at a time, see Category:VEI-8 volcanoes or Category:Supervolcanoes. The only unambiguous VEI-7 eruption to have been directly observed in recorded history was Mount Tambora in 1815 and caused the Year Without a Summer in 1816.
A gentle, or effusive, volcanic eruption, in which liquid material (lava) gently flows from a vent, in this case in south-eastern Hawai’i island Satellite animation of the initial ash plume and shockwave of the 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai eruption and tsunami.
For smaller volcanic eruptions that have produced at least 10 km 3 (2.4 cu mi) of tephra at a time, see Category:VEI-6 eruptions. For larger volcanic eruptions that have produced at least 1,000 km 3 (240 cu mi) of tephra at a time, see Category:VEI-8 eruptions.
The strongest types of eruptions, with a VEI of 8, are so-called "Ultra-Plinian" eruptions, such as the one at Lake Toba 74 thousand years ago, which put out 2800 times the material erupted by Mount St. Helens in 1980. [7] [45] Hekla in Iceland, an example of basaltic Plinian volcanism being its 1947–48 eruption.
Tsunamis have been triggered by a number of volcanic eruptions, including the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa, and the 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai eruption. Over 20% of all fatalities caused by volcanism during the past 250 years are estimated to have been caused by volcanogenic tsunamis.