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Paul Casimir Marcinkus GCOIH (/ m ɑːr ˈ s ɪ ŋ k ə s /; January 15, 1922 – February 20, 2006) was an American archbishop of the Catholic Church and president of the Institute for the Works of Religion, commonly known as the Vatican Bank, from 1971 to 1989.
The Institute for the Works of Religion (Italian: Istituto per le Opere di Religione; Latin: Institutum pro Operibus Religionis; abbreviated IOR), [4] [5] commonly known as the Vatican Bank, is a financial institution [2] that is situated inside Vatican City and run by a Board of Superintendence, which reports to a Commission of Cardinals and ...
The Bank of the Holy Spirit (Italian: Il Banco di Santo Spirito) was a bank founded by Pope Paul V on December 13, 1605. The bank was the first central bank in Europe (as the bank of the Papal States) at a level above city-states, [1] the first public deposit bank in Rome, [2] and the oldest continuously operating bank in Rome until its merger in 1992.
The bank came to be known as the "priests' bank"; one chairman was Franco Ratti, nephew to Pope Pius XI. In the 1960s, the bank began to expand its business, opening a holding company in Luxembourg in 1963 which came to be known as Banco Ambrosiano Holding. This was under the direction of Carlo Canesi, then a senior manager, and from 1965 chairman.
This became the foundation of the family bank established by his son, Giovanni Torlonia. Giovanni, in return for his able administration of the Vatican finances, was created duke of Bracciano [2] and count of Pisciarelli by Pope Pius VI in 1794. In 1803, Pius VII made him marquess of Romavecchia e Turrita and the first prince of Civitella Cesi.
President of the Vatican Bank (1989–2009) Angelo Caloia (born 2 May 1939) is an Italian economist and banker, who was the President of the Vatican Bank for 20 years until September 2009. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
The family originated with Tiezzo da Monticiano, a 13th-century wool merchant in Siena, whose nephew Borghese gave his name to the family. Among the important Sienese Borghese are: Agostino (1390–1462), noted soldier in the wars between Siena and Florence, named count palatine by Pope Pius II and count of the Holy Roman Empire by Sigismund
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