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This is a list of protests and unrest in the United States between 2020 and 2023 against systemic racism towards black people in the United States, such as in the form of police violence. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Following the murder of George Floyd , unrest broke out in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul area on May 26, 2020, and quickly spread across the ...
Calvin Coolidge Hernton (April 28, 1932 — September 30, 2001) [1] was an American sociologist, poet and author, particularly renowned for his 1965 study Sex and Racism in America, which has been described as "a frank look at the role sexual tensions played in the American racial divide, and it helped set the tone for much African-American social criticism over the following decade."
In the context of racism in the United States, racism against African Americans dates back to the colonial era, and it continues to be a persistent issue in American society in the 21st century. From the arrival of the first Africans in early colonial times until after the American Civil War , most African Americans were enslaved .
Gottesman, Ronald, ed. Violence in America: An Encyclopedia (3 vol 1999) vol 2 online, comprehensive guide by experts; Graham, Hugh D. and Ted R Gurr, eds. The History of Violence in America: Historical and Comparative Perspectives (1969) (A Report Submitted to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence) online
The physiological stress caused by racism has been documented in studies by Claude Steele, Joshua Aronson, and Steven Spencer on what they term "stereotype threat." [328] Much research has been done on the effects of racism on adults, but racism and discrimination also affect children and teens. [329]
Old-fashioned racism (OFR) is a type of racism that asserts that minorities are biologically inferior to white people. OFR is also associated with the belief that minorities should be segregated from white society, and that minorities do not deserve policies to help mitigate the barriers of discrimination.
Coffin on a Case won an Edgar Award for Best Juvenile from the Mystery Writers of America in 1993. [8] Bunting also received the Heal the World award from a school. A young reader wrote Bunting to notify her of the achievement. She said, "It is among the most cherished honors I have ever received and the plaque hangs proudly above my desk." [7]
Despite affirmative-action programs' successes in doing so, conservative opponents claimed that such programs constituted a form of anti-white racism. [17] For example, sociologist Nathan Glazer argued in his 1975 book Affirmative Discrimination that affirmative action was a form of reverse racism [18] [19] violating white people's right to ...