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Racism within the Muslim world is a source of concern, particularly for Black Muslims and other Muslims of color. [1] [2] Black Muslims throughout the world report that they face racism from other Muslims who are of Arab, Asian, white, or other non-Black background.
Religious discrimination against Christians ended with the Edict of Milan (313 AD), and the Edict of Thessalonica (380 AD) made Christianity the official religion of the empire. [8] By the 5th century Christianity became the dominant religion in Europe and took a reversed role, discriminating against pagans, heretics, and Jews. [9]
[121] [122] Others note that there has been a transition from anti-Asian and anti-Arab racism to anti-Muslim racism, [123] while some note a racialization of religion. [ 124 ] According to a 2012 report by a UK anti-racism group, counter-jihadist outfits in Europe and North America are becoming more cohesive by forging alliances, with 190 ...
The persecution of Zoroastrians has occurred throughout their religion's history. The discrimination and harassment began in the form of sparse violence and forced conversions. According to Zoroastrian records, Muslims destroyed fire temples. Zoroastrians who lived under Muslim rule were required to pay a tax which was called the jizya. [319]
Subsequently, the site was "vandalized multiple times" including an arson attack and targeted by a bomb threat. [17] In a legal dispute that ended in 2014 when the U.S. Supreme Court declining to hear the case, lawyers attempting to stop the mosque from opening asserted that Islam is not a religion and thus not protected by the First Amendment ...
Religious responses to the problem of evil are concerned with reconciling the existence of evil and suffering with an omnipotent, omnibenevolent, and omniscient God. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The problem of evil is acute for monotheistic religions such as Christianity , Islam , and Judaism whose religion is based on such a God.
As late as the 20th century, some authors argued that slavery in Islamic societies was free of racism. However, recent research has revealed racist attitudes in Islamic history—especially anti-Black racism and a link between Blackness and slavery—dating back to at least the ninth century CE. [64]
The Cambridge History of Islam states that "Not merely did the Qur'an urge men to show care and concern for the needy, but in its teaching about the Last day it asserted the existence of a sanction applicable to men as individuals in matters where their selfishness was no longer restrained by nomadic ideas of dishonour." [57]