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Activin is a dimer composed of two identical or very similar beta subunits. Inhibin is also a dimer wherein the first component is a beta subunit similar or identical to the beta subunit in activin. However, in contrast to activin, the second component of the inhibin dimer is a more distantly-related alpha subunit.
Inhibin, beta A, also known as INHBA, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the INHBA gene. [5] INHBA is a subunit of both activin and inhibin , two closely related glycoproteins with opposing biological effects.
The activin type 2 receptors belong to a larger TGF-beta receptor family and modulate signals for transforming growth factor beta ligands. These receptors are involved in a host of physiological processes including, growth , cell differentiation , homeostasis , osteogenesis , apoptosis and many other functions.
An Activin receptor is a receptor which binds activin. These proteins are receptor-type kinases of Ser/Thr type , which have a single transmembrane domain and a specific hydrophilic Cys-rich ligand-binding domain.
Follistatin, also known as activin-bindings protein, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FST gene. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Follistatin is an autocrine glycoprotein that is expressed in nearly all tissues of higher animals.
It may also serve as an inhibin coreceptor to ActivinRII. [11] BMP and activin membrane bound inhibitor (BAMBI), has a similar extracellular domain as type I receptors. It lacks an intracellular serine/threonine protein kinase domain and hence is a pseudoreceptor.
Activin receptor type-1B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACVR1B gene. [5] [6] ACVR1B or ALK-4 acts as a transducer of activin or activin-like ligands (e.g., inhibin) signals. Activin binds to either ACVR2A or ACVR2B and then forms a complex with ACVR1B. These go on to recruit the R-SMADs SMAD2 or SMAD3. [7]
The Activin type I receptors transduce signals for a variety of members of the Transforming growth factor beta superfamily of ligands. This family of cytokines and hormones include activin , anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and Nodal .