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2. Proto-Indo-European verbs - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_verbs

   If the verbs were subjunctive or optative, the mood markings might likewise be only present on the first verb, with the others not marked for mood (i.e. indicative). In Ancient Greek, Armenian and Indo-Iranian, the secondary endings came to be accompanied by a prefixing particle known as the augment, reconstructed as *e-or *h₁e-. The function ...

3. Grammatischer Wechsel - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatischer_Wechsel

   In PIE, causative verbs (meaning "to cause to") were derived from verb roots with a suffix *-éye-, and the root vowel was changed to the o-grade. Verbs with this suffix eventually became part of the first weak class (*-jan verbs). This suffix always bore the accent, and the verb root never did, while in regular strong verbs the verb root was ...

4. Indo-European ablaut - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut

   The phenomenon of Indo-European ablaut was first recorded by Sanskrit grammarians in the later Vedic period (roughly 8th century BCE), and was codified by Pāṇini in his Aṣṭādhyāyī (4th century BCE), where the terms guṇa and vṛddhi were used to describe the phenomena now known respectively as the full grade and lengthened grade.

5. Thematic vowel - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thematic_vowel

   Pedersen was the first to notice that the subject of the transitive verb looked as if it had the form of the genitive (a sigmatic case) if it were active, and as if it had the form of the instrumental case if it were inactive. Furthermore, the subject and object of intransitive verbs seemed to have the form of the absolutive (i.e. an asigmatic ...

6. Germanic verbs - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_verbs

   The copula (the verb to be and its equivalents in the other languages) has its forms from three or four IE roots (*h₁es-, *bʰuH-, *h₂wes-, and possibly *h₁er-. The phenomenon of verb paradigms being composites of parts of different earlier verbs can best be observed in an example from recorded language history.

7. English verbs - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_verbs

   Verbs are used in certain patterns which require the presence of specific arguments in the form of objects and other complements of particular types. (A given verb may be usable in one or more of these patterns.) A verb with a direct object is called a transitive verb. Some transitive verbs have an indirect object in addition to the direct object.