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Gamma rays, at the high-frequency end of the spectrum, have the highest photon energies and the shortest wavelengths—much smaller than an atomic nucleus. Gamma rays, X-rays, and extreme ultraviolet rays are called ionizing radiation because their high photon energy is able to ionize atoms, causing chemical reactions. Longer-wavelength ...
List of orders of magnitude for energy; Factor (joules) SI prefix Value Item 10 −34: 6.626 × 10 −34 J: Energy of a photon with a frequency of 1 hertz. [1]8 × 10 −34 J: Average kinetic energy of translational motion of a molecule at the lowest temperature reached (38 picokelvin [2] as of 2021)
In contrast, high frequency ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays are ionizing – individual photons of such high frequency have enough energy to ionize molecules or break chemical bonds. Ionizing radiation can cause chemical reactions and damage living cells beyond simply heating, and can be a health hazard and dangerous.
Electromagnetic – cordless telephone frequency introduced in 2003 10 10: 10 GHz: 3 GHz to 30 GHz: Electromagnetic – super high frequency: 60 GHz: Electromagnetic – 60 GHz Wi-Fi (WiGig) introduced in 2010 10 11: 100 GHz 160.2 GHz: Electromagnetic – peak of cosmic microwave background radiation: 845 GHz: Fastest transistor (December 2006 ...
A molecular vibration is a periodic motion of the atoms of a molecule relative to each other, such that the center of mass of the molecule remains unchanged. The typical vibrational frequencies range from less than 10 13 Hz to approximately 10 14 Hz, corresponding to wavenumbers of approximately 300 to 3000 cm −1 and wavelengths of approximately 30 to 3 μm.
The highest frequencies useful for radio communication are limited by the absorption of microwave energy by the atmosphere. [6] As frequency increases above 30 GHz (the beginning of the millimeter wave band), atmospheric gases absorb increasing amounts of power, so the power in a beam of radio waves decreases exponentially with distance from ...
Diagram of the HOMO and LUMO of a molecule. Each circle represents an electron in an orbital; when light of a high enough frequency is absorbed by an electron in the HOMO, it jumps to the LUMO. 3D model of the highest occupied molecular orbital in CO 2 3D model of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital in CO 2
tech: approximate lower limit of power reception on digital spread-spectrum cell phones 10 −12: pico-(pW) 1 × 10 −12: −90 dBm biomed: average power consumption of a human cell: 10 −11: 1.84 × 10 −11: −77 dBm phys: power lost in the form of synchrotron radiation by a proton revolving in the Large Hadron Collider at 7000 GeV [6] 2.9 ...