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The pathogen is spread by wind, water, and insects. Management includes use of resistant cultivars, proper irrigation practices, crop rotation, sanitation, and chemical control. White rust is an important economic disease, causing severe crop losses if not controlled.
Southern rust spreads more quickly and has a higher economic impact when hot, humid weather conditions persist. Timely fungicide applications to control southern rust are more crucial than with common rust. [26] A variety of preventative methods can be employed for rust diseases: High moisture levels may exacerbate rust disease symptoms.
An important factor in development of rust epidemics is the infection of volunteer faba bean plants. [2] The disease cycle is as follows: the overwintering diploid teliospores germinate in the spring with metabasidium forming four haploid basidiospores of two mating types , types (+) and (-) are formed.
Austropuccinia is a monotypic genus of rust (a type of plant pathogen) native to South America with the only species Austropuccinia psidii, commonly known as myrtle rust, guava rust, or ʻōhiʻa rust. It affects plants in the family Myrtaceae. It is a member of the fungal complex called the guava rust (Puccinia psidii) group. [3]
Soybean rust is a disease that affects soybeans and other legumes. It is caused by two types of fungi, Phakopsora pachyrhizi, commonly known as Asian soybean rust, and Phakopsora meibomiae, commonly known as New World soybean rust. P. meibomiae is the weaker pathogen of the two and generally does not cause widespread problems.
Genetic control consists of planting rust-resistant hybrid varieties. [ 8 ] Chemical management can be applied using fungicides on both oilseed and confection type sunflowers and is most effective during the (R5) flowering stage or when the disease severity reaches 1% on the upper four, fully expanded leaves.
Rust diseases are among the most destructive plant diseases, known to cause famine following destruction of grains, vegetables, and legumes. [5] [6] Asparagus rust occurs wherever the plant is grown and attacks asparagus plants during and after the cutting season. Asparagus spears are usually harvested before extensive rust symptoms appear. [7]
Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae is a plant pathogen that causes cedar-apple rust. [1] In virtually any location where apples or crabapples ( Malus ) and eastern red cedar ( Juniperus virginiana ) coexist, cedar apple rust can be a destructive or disfiguring disease on both the apples and cedars.