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  2. Crystallization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallization

    Cooling crystallization; Evaporative crystallization; This division is not really clear-cut, since hybrid systems exist, where cooling is performed through evaporation, thus obtaining at the same time a concentration of the solution. A crystallization process often referred to in chemical engineering is the fractional crystallization. This is ...

  3. Bridgman–Stockbarger method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgman–Stockbarger_method

    The methods involve heating polycrystalline material above its melting point and slowly cooling it from one end of its container, where a seed crystal is located. A single crystal of the same crystallographic orientation as the seed material is grown on the seed and is progressively formed along the length of the container.

  4. Flux method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux_method

    The flux method is a crystal growth method where starting materials are dissolved in a solvent (flux), and are precipitated out to form crystals of a desired compound. The flux lowers the melting point of the desired compound, analogous to a wet chemistry recrystallization. [1]

  5. Fractional freezing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_freezing

    Partial crystallization can also be achieved by adding a dilute solvent to the mixture, and cooling and concentrating the mixture by evaporating the solvent, a process called solution crystallization. [1] Fractional freezing is generally used to produce ultra-pure solids, or to concentrate heat-sensitive liquids.

  6. List of purification methods in chemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_purification...

    Crystallization separates a product from a liquid feed stream, often in extremely pure form, by cooling the feed stream or adding precipitants that lower the solubility of the desired product so that it forms crystals. The pure solid crystals are then separated from the remaining liquor by filtration or centrifugation.

  7. Hydrothermal synthesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothermal_synthesis

    The first report of the hydrothermal growth of crystals [4] was by German geologist Karl Emil von Schafhäutl (1803–1890) in 1845: he grew microscopic quartz crystals in a pressure cooker. [5] In 1848, Robert Bunsen reported growing crystals of barium and strontium carbonate at 200 °C and at pressures of 15 atmospheres, using sealed glass ...

  8. Fractional crystallization (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_crystallization...

    Crystallization: This is the initial phase where the material to be purified is cooled. As it cools, high-purity crystals begin to form on the cooling surface. The purity is achieved because the impurities tend to remain in the liquid phase rather than being incorporated into the crystal structure.

  9. Fractional crystallization (geology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_crystallization...

    High-temperature fractional crystallization of relatively water-poor granite magmas may produce single-alkali-feldspar granite, and lower-temperature crystallization of relatively water-rich magma may produce two-feldspar granite. [13] During the process of fractional crystallization, melts become enriched in incompatible elements. [14]