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Slavery was widespread in the ancient world in Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 4 ] Slavery became less common throughout Europe during the Early Middle Ages but continued to be practiced in some areas.
Slave trade in Africa has also caused disruption of political systems. To elaborate on the disruption of political systems caused by slavery in Africa, the capture and sale of millions of Africans to the Americas and elsewhere resulted in the loss of many skilled and talented individuals who played important roles in African societies. [175]
Warfare, slave raids, legal punishments, self-sales, or sales by relatives, and inheritance of slave status from birth were the common ways individuals become a slave in Central Asia. Linguistic analysis of the vocabulary used for slavery in early Central Asian societies suggests a strong connection between military actions and slavery. [ 18 ]
The EIC mostly traded in African slaves but also some Asian slaves purchased from Indian, Indonesian and Chinese slave traders. The French established colonies on the islands of Réunion and Mauritius in 1721; by 1735 some 7,200 slaves populated the Mascarene Islands , a number which had reached 133,000 in 1807.
The Arab slave trade was most active in West Asia, North Africa (Trans-Saharan slave trade), and Southeast Africa (Red Sea slave trade and Indian Ocean slave trade), and rough estimates place the number of Africans enslaved in the twelve centuries prior to the 20th century at between six million to ten million.
The slave trade in Asia predates the Atlantic slave trade. [1] The first Siddis were brought as slaves by Arab traders to India in 628 AD at the Bharuch port. [2] Siddis were also brought as slaves by the Deccan Sultanates. Several former slaves rose to high ranks in the military and administration, the most prominent of which was Malik Ambar. [3]
The West African states also imported highly trained slave soldiers. [55] Under the Saadi dynasty, Morocco's sugar industry was dependent on black African slave labor. [56] According to Paul Berthier, the need for slave labor on Moroccan sugar plantations was a major reason for the 16th century Saadian invasion of the Songhai Empire. [56]
The Encyclopedia of Modern Asia (6 vol Thomson-Gale, 2002) 1:31–35 and passim; basic introduction and articles on each group. Li, Anshan. A history of overseas Chinese in Africa to 1911 (Diasporic Africa Press, 2017). Mangat, J.S. A History of the Asians in East Africa: 1896-1965 (Oxford University Press, 1969)