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This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Hindi and Urdu on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Hindi and Urdu in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them.
Hindustani does not distinguish between [v] and [w], specifically Hindi. These are distinct phonemes in English, but conditional allophones of the phoneme /ʋ/ in Hindustani (written व in Hindi or و in Urdu), meaning that contextual rules determine when it is pronounced as [v] and when it is pronounced as [w].
4 letters ز ذ ض ظ are all ≈ Z [6] [7] 3 letters س ص ث are all ≈ S [6] [7] 2 letters ت ط are both ≈ T [6] [7] (a third letter ٹ is also often shown as English T, but is different to the other two Urdu letters, see #retroflex consonants below.) 2 letters ہ ح are both ≈ H [7] but are sometimes regarded as distinct.
For example, the Sanskrit word "Rāma" (IPA:, राम) is pronounced "Rām" (IPA:, राम्) in Hindi. The schwa sound at the end of the word is deleted in Hindi. [4] However, in both cases, the word is written राम. The schwa is not deleted in ancient languages such as Sanskrit.
When Devanāgarī is used for writing languages other than Sanskrit, conjuncts are used mostly with Sanskrit words and loan words. Native words typically use the basic consonant and native speakers know to suppress the vowel when it is conventional to do so. For example, the native Hindi word karnā is written करना (ka-ra-nā). [60]
Pronunciation without respelling is also sometimes used in texts with many unusual words, such as Bibles, [19] [20] [21] when it is desirable to show the received pronunciation. These will often be more exhaustive than dictionary respelling keys because all possible digraphs or readings need to have a unique spelling.
The official chart of the IPA, revised in 2020. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin script.It was devised by the International Phonetic Association in the late 19th century as a standard written representation for the sounds of speech. [1]
One letter has a line below: ḻ (/ɭ/) (Vedic). Unlike ASCII -only romanisations such as ITRANS or Harvard-Kyoto , the diacritics used for IAST allow capitalisation of proper names. The capital variants of letters never occurring word-initially ( Ṁ Ṇ Ṅ Ñ Ṝ Ḹ ) are useful only when writing in all-caps and in Pāṇini contexts for ...
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