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The replication crisis [a] is an ongoing methodological crisis in which the results of many scientific studies are difficult or impossible to reproduce. Because the reproducibility of empirical results is an essential part of the scientific method , [ 2 ] such failures undermine the credibility of theories building on them and potentially call ...
The history of life on Earth traces the processes by which living and extinct organisms evolved, from the earliest emergence of life to the present day. Earth formed about 4.5 billion years ago (abbreviated as Ga, for gigaannum) and evidence suggests that life emerged prior to 3.7 Ga. [1] [2] [3] The similarities among all known present-day species indicate that they have diverged through the ...
The growth of metascience and the recognition of a scientific replication crisis have bolstered the paper's credibility, and led to calls for methodological reforms in scientific research. [8] [9] In commentaries and technical responses, statisticians Goodman and Greenland identified several weaknesses in Ioannidis' model.
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The project has brought attention to the replication crisis, and has contributed to shifts in scientific culture and publishing practices to address it. [3] The project was led by the Center for Open Science and its co-founder, Brian Nosek, who started the project in November 2011. [4]
Historic recurrence is the repetition of similar events in history. [ a ] [ b ] The concept of historic recurrence has variously been applied to overall human history (e.g., to the rises and falls of empires ), to repetitive patterns in the history of a given polity , and to any two specific events which bear a striking similarity.
Social cycle theories are among the earliest social theories in sociology.Unlike the theory of social evolutionism, which views the evolution of society and human history as progressing in some new, unique direction(s), sociological cycle theory argues that events and stages of society and history generally repeat themselves in cycles.
The theory states that a crisis recurs in American history after every saeculum, which is followed by a recovery (high). During this recovery, institutions and communitarian values are strong. Ultimately, succeeding generational archetypes attack and weaken institutions in the name of autonomy and individualism , which eventually creates a ...