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  2. Foam - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foam

    Theories regarding foam formation, structure, and properties—in physics and physical chemistry—differ somewhat between liquid and solid foams in that the former are dynamic (e.g., in their being "continuously deformed"), as a result of gas diffusing between cells, liquid draining from the foam into a bulk liquid, etc. [1]: 1–2 Theories ...

  3. Quantum foam - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_foam

    Quantum foam (or spacetime foam, or spacetime bubble) is a theoretical quantum fluctuation of spacetime on very small scales due to quantum mechanics. The theory predicts that at this small scale, particles of matter and antimatter are constantly created and destroyed. These subatomic objects are called virtual particles. [1]

  4. Spin foam - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_foam

    A spin foam is a particular type of 2-complex, with labels for vertices, edges and faces. The boundary of a spin foam is a spin network, just as in the theory of manifolds, where the boundary of an n-manifold is an (n-1)-manifold. In loop quantum gravity, the present spin foam theory has been inspired by the work of Ponzano–Regge model.

  5. Continuous foam separation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_foam_separation

    Continuous foam separation is a chemical process closely related to foam fractionation in which foam is used to separate components of a solution when they differ in surface activity. In any solution, surface active components tend to adsorb to gas-liquid interfaces while surface inactive components stay within the bulk solution.

  6. Wormhole - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole

    According to current theories on the nature of wormholes, construction of a traversable wormhole would require the existence of a substance with negative energy, often referred to as "exotic matter". More technically, the wormhole spacetime requires a distribution of energy that violates various energy conditions , such as the null energy ...

  7. Elephant's toothpaste - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant's_toothpaste

    The reaction is exothermic; the foam produced is hot (about 75°C or 167°F). [ specify ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] A glowing splint can be used to show that the gas produced is oxygen. [ 9 ] The rate of foam formation measured in volume per time unit has a positive correlation with the peroxide concentration (v/V%), which means that more foam will be ...

  8. Foaming agent - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foaming_agent

    A foaming agent is a material such as a surfactant or a blowing agent that facilitates the formation of foam.A surfactant, when present in small amounts, reduces surface tension of a liquid (reduces the work needed to create the foam) or increases its colloidal stability by inhibiting coalescence of bubbles. [1]

  9. Nanofoam - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanofoam

    Through literature discussing the fabrication of a completely porous nanofoam biopolymer is scarce, recent endeavors have resulted in the formation of nanofoam surfaces on biopolymers. [17] In these instances, biopolymers such as collagen and gelatine, [ 18 ] chitosan, [ 19 ] and pure curcumin [ 17 ] have been used to varying degrees.