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  2. Internal validity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_validity

    During the selection step of the research study, if an unequal number of test subjects have similar subject-related variables there is a threat to the internal validity. For example, a researcher created two test groups, the experimental and the control groups.

  3. Member check - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_check

    In qualitative research, a member check, also known as informant feedback or respondent validation, is a technique used by researchers to help improve the accuracy, credibility, validity, and transferability (also known as applicability, internal validity, [1] or fittingness) of a study. [2]

  4. Validity (statistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validity_(statistics)

    In other words, the relevance of external and internal validity to a research study depends on the goals of the study. Furthermore, conflating research goals with validity concerns can lead to the mutual-internal-validity problem, where theories are able to explain only phenomena in artificial laboratory settings but not the real world. [13] [14]

  5. Observer-expectancy effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer-expectancy_effect

    It is a significant threat to a study's internal validity, and is therefore typically controlled using a double-blind experimental design. It may include conscious or unconscious influences on subject behavior including creation of demand characteristics that influence subjects, and altered or selective recording of experimental results ...

  6. Hierarchy of evidence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_of_evidence

    At the top of the hierarchy is a method with the most freedom from systemic bias or best internal validity relative to the tested medical intervention's hypothesized efficacy. [5]: 313 In 1997, Greenhalgh suggested it was "the relative weight carried by the different types of primary study when making decisions about clinical interventions". [6]

  7. Critical appraisal - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_appraisal

    Critical appraisal (or quality assessment) in evidence based medicine, is the use of explicit, transparent methods to assess the data in published research, applying the rules of evidence to factors such as internal validity, adherence to reporting standards, conclusions, generalizability and risk-of-bias.

  8. Case series - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_series

    Internal validity of case series studies is usually very low, due to the lack of a comparator group exposed to the same array of intervening variables. For example, the effects seen may be wholly or partly due to intervening effects such as the placebo effect, Hawthorne effect , Rosenthal effect , time effects, practice effects or the natural ...

  9. Internal consistency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_consistency

    In statistics and research, internal consistency is typically a measure based on the correlations between different items on the same test (or the same subscale on a larger test). It measures whether several items that propose to measure the same general construct produce similar scores.