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  2. Format (Common Lisp) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format_(Common_Lisp)

    Format is a function in Common Lisp that can produce formatted text using a format string similar to the print format string.It provides more functionality than print, allowing the user to output numbers in various formats (including, for instance: hex, binary, octal, roman numerals, and English), apply certain format specifiers only under certain conditions, iterate over data structures ...

  3. C0 and C1 control codes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C0_and_C1_control_codes

    In 1973, ECMA-35 and ISO 2022 [18] attempted to define a method so an 8-bit "extended ASCII" code could be converted to a corresponding 7-bit code, and vice versa. [19] In a 7-bit environment, the Shift Out would change the meaning of the 96 bytes 0x20 through 0x7F [a] [21] (i.e. all but the C0 control codes), to be the characters that an 8-bit environment would print if it used the same code ...

  4. Comparison of data-serialization formats - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_data...

    base-10 real values are represented as character strings in ISO 6093 format; binary real values are represented in a binary format that includes the mantissa, the base (2, 8, or 16), and the exponent; the special values NaN, -INF, +INF, and negative zero are also supported

  5. Leading zero - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_zero

    A leading zero is any 0 digit that comes before the first nonzero digit in a number string in positional notation. [1] For example, James Bond 's famous identifier, 007, has two leading zeros. [ 2 ] Any zeroes appearing to the left of the first non-zero digit (of any integer or decimal) do not affect its value, and can be omitted (or replaced ...

  6. Data structure alignment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_structure_alignment

    It consists of three separate but related issues: data alignment, data structure padding, and packing. The CPU in modern computer hardware performs reads and writes to memory most efficiently when the data is naturally aligned , which generally means that the data's memory address is a multiple of the data size.

  7. printf - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printf

    The format string syntax and semantics is the same for all of the functions in the printf-like family. Mismatch between the format specifiers and count and type of values can cause a crash or vulnerability. The printf format string is complementary to the scanf format string, which provides formatted input (lexing a.k.a. parsing). Both format ...

  8. Sponge function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge_function

    The sponge function "absorbs" (in the sponge metaphor) all blocks of a padded input string as follows: S is initialized to zero; for each r-bit block B of P(string) R is replaced with R XOR B (using bitwise XOR) S is replaced by f(S) The sponge function output is now ready to be produced ("squeezed out") as follows: repeat until output is full

  9. Run-length encoding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run-length_encoding

    Even binary data files can be compressed with this method; file format specifications often dictate repeated bytes in files as padding space. However, newer compression methods such as DEFLATE often use LZ77 -based algorithms, a generalization of run-length encoding that can take advantage of runs of strings of characters (such as BWWBWWBWWBWW ).