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In the theory of chemical reactivity, the Klopman–Salem equation describes the energetic change that occurs when two species approach each other in the course of a reaction and begin to interact, as their associated molecular orbitals begin to overlap with each other and atoms bearing partial charges begin to experience attractive or repulsive electrostatic forces.
Coulomb's inverse-square law, or simply Coulomb's law, is an experimental law [1] of physics that calculates the amount of force between two electrically charged particles at rest.
Under these conditions an attractive force appears, whose magnitude depends on the voltage and the specific materials involved. The attractive force is much larger than would be produced by Coulombic attraction. The effect is named after Danish engineers F. A. Johnsen and K. Rahbek, the first to investigate the effect at length.
This energy barrier is given by the electric potential energy: = where ε 0 is the permittivity of free space; q 1, q 2 are the charges of the interacting particles; r is the interaction radius.
Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning (POGIL) is an activity-based, group-learning instructional strategy. POGIL was created in 1994 to improve teaching of general chemistry . Today, POGIL is implemented in more than 1,000 American high schools and colleges.
In chemistry and physics, the exchange interaction is a quantum mechanical constraint on the states of indistinguishable particles.While sometimes called an exchange force, or, in the case of fermions, Pauli repulsion, its consequences cannot always be predicted based on classical ideas of force. [1]
Figure 1: A comparison of Yukawa potentials where = and with various values for m. Figure 2: A "long-range" comparison of Yukawa and Coulomb potentials' strengths where =. If the particle has no mass (i.e., m = 0), then the Yukawa potential reduces to a Coulomb potential, and the range is said to be infinite.
An exciton is a bound state of an electron and an electron hole which are attracted to each other by the electrostatic Coulomb force resulting from their opposite charges. It is an electrically neutral quasiparticle regarded as an elementary excitation primarily in condensed matter, such as insulators, semiconductors, some metals, and in some liquids.