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SIRT4 is a mitochondrial ADP-ribosyltransferase that inhibits mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase 1 activity, thereby downregulating insulin secretion in response to amino acids. [7] A deacetylation of malonyl-CoA decarboxylase enzyme by SIRT4 represses the enzyme activity, inhibiting fatty acid oxidation in muscle and liver cells.
The first sirtuin was identified in yeast (a lower eukaryote) and named sir2. In more complex mammals, there are seven known enzymes that act in cellular regulation, as sir2 does in yeast. These genes are designated as belonging to different classes (I-IV), depending on their amino acid sequence structure. [20]
Apamin selectively blocks SK channels, a type of Ca 2+-activated K + channel expressed in the central nervous system. Toxicity is caused by only a few amino acids, in particular cysteine 1, lysine 4, arginine 13, arginine 14 and histidine 18. These amino acids are involved in the binding of apamin to the Ca 2+-activated K + channel.
A conservative replacement (also called a conservative mutation or a conservative substitution or a homologous replacement) is an amino acid replacement in a protein that changes a given amino acid to a different amino acid with similar biochemical properties (e.g. charge, hydrophobicity and size). [1] [2]
S-Aminoethyl-l-cysteine, also known as thialysine, is a toxic analog of the amino acid lysine in which the second carbon of the amino acid's R-group (side chain) has been replaced with a sulfur atom. Strictly speaking, L-thialysine is actually considered an S-(2-aminoethyl) analogue of L-cysteine.
1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic α-amino acid in which a cyclopropane ring is fused to the C α atom of the amino acid. It is a white solid. Many cyclopropane-substituted amino acids are known, but this one occurs naturally. [2] [verification needed] Like glycine, but unlike most α-amino acids, ACC is not ...
Norvaline (abbreviated as Nva) is an amino acid with the formula CH 3 (CH 2) 2 CH(NH 2)CO 2 H. The compound is a structural analog of valeric acid and also an isomer of the more common amino acid valine. [2] Like most other α-amino acids, norvaline is chiral. It is a white, water-soluble solid.
Serine (symbol Ser or S) [3] [4] is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated − NH +3 form under biological conditions), a carboxyl group (which is in the deprotonated − COO −