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Metal coil springs are made by winding a wire around a shaped former – a cylinder is used to form cylindrical coil springs. Illustration of various arc springs and arc spring systems (systems consisting of inner and outer arc springs). Coil springs for vehicles are typically made of hardened steel. A machine called an auto-coiler takes spring ...
Coil springs first appeared on a production vehicle in 1906 in the Brush Runabout made by the Brush Motor Company. Today, coil springs are used in most cars. In 1920, Leyland Motors used torsion bars in a suspension system. In 1922, independent front suspension was pioneered on Lancia Lambda, and became more common in mass market cars from 1932 ...
It came back on a twist-beam later for small-engine equipped variants of the Mk6 and Mk7 Golf. General Motors in Europe (Vauxhall and Opel) continued to use twist- or torsion-beam suspension up to the end of GM's ownership of the brand, and it was used on the 1982–1988 Cadillac Cimarron, Oldsmobile Firenza, and Buick Skyhawk.
Torsion bar suspensions are used on combat vehicles and tanks like the T-72, Leopard 1, Leopard 2, M26 Pershing, M18 Hellcat, M48 Patton, M60 Patton and the M1 Abrams (many tanks from World War II used this suspension), and on modern trucks and SUVs from Ford, Chrysler, GM, Mitsubishi, Mazda, Nissan, Isuzu, LuAZ, and Toyota.
Roll stiffness: By fitting springs with a higher spring rate, roll stiffness can be increased. Likewise, a lower spring rate results in increased roll. Ride height: By using threaded spring seats or threaded bottom brackets, [10] the ride height of the vehicle can be raised or lowered. The bottom mount is a threaded sleeve with two adjuster ...
A beam axle's location in the fore and aft directions is constrained by one of several suspension components, including trailing arms, semi-trailing arms, radius rods, and leaf springs. The lateral location can be constrained by a Panhard rod, a Scott Russell linkage, a Watt's linkage, or some other arrangement, most commonly by the leaf springs.
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