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The Tran ruled the Trần dynasty, a golden era in Vietnam, and successfully repelled the Mongol invasions of Vietnam, introducing improvements to Chinese gunpowder. During the Tran dynasty, arts and sciences flourished, and Chữ Nôm was used for the first time in mainstream poetry.
Trần literature had a special role in the history of Vietnamese literature for its introduction and development of the Vietnamese language (Quốc ngữ) written in chữ nôm. Before the Trần dynasty, Vietnamese was only used in oral history or proverbs. [99]
Vietnamese annals recognized him as the second son of the former Tran king, while the Ming considered him to be a Hmong imposter. [3] The Ming emperor ordered Mu Sheng mobilized 40,000 from Yunnan, Guangxi, Guizhou and Sichuan to repress the rebellion, but was utterly defeated by Tran Ngoi's guerrilla bands. [ 4 ]
Trần Hưng Đạo (Vietnamese: [ʈə̂n hɨŋ ɗâːwˀ]; 1228–1300), real name Trần Quốc Tuấn (陳國峻), also known as Grand Prince Hưng Đạo (Hưng Đạo Đại Vương – 興道大王), was a Vietnamese royal prince, statesman and military commander of Đại Việt military forces during the Trần dynasty.
The Vietnamese guessed that the Mongols sought to wage war without logistics problems. The Vietnamese army and navy awaited the arrival of the Mongols, and a naval battle occurred, in which the transport ships were almost all sunk. The Mongols quickly retreated from Đại Việt, knowing they could not wage war without food. [19]
Vietnamese elephant, extracted from the Truc Lam Mahasattva scroll 13th-century sword đao and iron-hooks. Trần dynasty period, National Treasure, Vietnam Military History Museum. In the Battle of Bình Lệ Nguyên, the Vietnamese used war elephants. Emperor Trần Thái Tông even led his army from atop an elephant. [34]
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Trần Nhân Tông (7 December 1258–16 December 1308), personal name Trần Khâm, temple name Nhân Tông, was the third emperor of the Trần dynasty, reigning over Đại Việt from 1278 to 1293. [1]