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A dry-powder inhaler (DPI) is a device that delivers medication to the lungs in the form of a dry powder. DPIs are commonly used to treat respiratory diseases such as asthma, bronchitis, emphysema and COPD although DPIs (such as inhalable insulin) have also been used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. [1]
Inhalable insulin is a powdered form of insulin, delivered with an inhaler into the lungs where it is absorbed. [1] In general, inhaled insulins have been more rapidly absorbed than subcutaneous injected insulin, with faster peak concentration in serum and more rapid metabolism.
In type 1 diabetes, insulin production is extremely low, and as such the body requires exogenous insulin. Some people with type 2 diabetes, particularly those with very high hemoglobin A1c values, may also require a baseline rate of insulin, as their body is desensitized to the level of insulin being produced. Basal insulin regulates the body's ...
Type 1 diabetes, also known as "Juvenile-onset" Diabetes is increasing in children and adolescents under the age of 15. [128] Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease where the body attacks the beta-cells produced by the pancreas; therefore, causing the body to have insulin deficiency. [129]
Drugs used in diabetes treat diabetes mellitus by decreasing glucose levels in the blood. With the exception of insulin , most GLP-1 receptor agonists ( liraglutide , exenatide , and others), and pramlintide , all diabetes medications are administered orally and are thus called oral hypoglycemic agents or oral antihyperglycemic agents.
A wide range of volatile solvents intended for household or industrial use are inhaled as recreational drugs. This includes petroleum products (gasoline and kerosene), toluene (used in paint thinner, permanent markers, contact cement and model glue), and acetone (used in nail polish remover). These solvents vaporize at room temperature.
Toluene is widely used in the paint, dye, rubber, chemical, glue, printing, and pharmaceutical industries as a solvent. [38] Nail polish, paintbrush cleaners, and stain removers may contain toluene. Manufacturing of explosives (TNT) uses it as well. Toluene is also found in cigarette smoke and car exhaust.
Insulin aspart, sold under the brand name NovoLog, among others, is a modified type of medical insulin used to treat type 1 and type 2 diabetes. [17] It is generally used by injection under the skin but may also be used by injection into a vein. [17] Maximum effect occurs after about 1–3 hours and lasts for 3–5 hours. [17]