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  2. List of fallacies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies

    Fallacy of many questions (complex question, fallacy of presuppositions, loaded question, plurium interrogationum) – someone asks a question that presupposes something that has not been proven or accepted by all the people involved. This fallacy is often used rhetorically so that the question limits direct replies to those that serve the ...

  3. List of cognitive biases - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases

    Overconfidence effect, a tendency to have excessive confidence in one's own answers to questions. For example, for certain types of questions, answers that people rate as "99% certain" turn out to be wrong 40% of the time. [5] [43] [44] [45] Planning fallacy, the tendency for people to underestimate the time it will take them to complete a ...

  4. False equivalence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_equivalence

    A false equivalence or false equivalency is an informal fallacy in which an equivalence is drawn between two subjects based on flawed or false reasoning. This fallacy is categorized as a fallacy of inconsistency. [1] Colloquially, a false equivalence is often called "comparing apples and oranges."

  5. List of paradoxes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_paradoxes

    Logical fallacy: A misconception resulting from incorrect reasoning in argumentation. Paradox gun : A gun that has characteristics of both (smoothbore) shotguns and rifles. Paradoxical laughter : Inappropriate laughter, often recognized as such by the laughing person.

  6. Slippery slope - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slippery_slope

    [citation needed] When the initial step is not demonstrably likely to result in the claimed effects, this is called the slippery slope fallacy. This is a type of informal fallacy , and is a subset of continuum fallacy , in that it ignores the possibility of middle ground and assumes a discrete transition from category A to category B.

  7. Fallacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy

    An example of a language dependent fallacy is given as a debate as to who in humanity are learners: the wise or the ignorant. [18]: 3 A language-independent fallacy is, for example: "Coriscus is different from Socrates." "Socrates is a man." "Therefore, Coriscus is different from a man." [18]: 4

  8. False dilemma - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_dilemma

    Part of understanding fallacies involves going beyond logic to empirical psychology in order to explain why there is a tendency to commit or fall for the fallacy in question. [9] [1] In the case of the false dilemma, the tendency to simplify reality by ordering it through either-or-statements may play an important role.

  9. Straw man - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw_man

    This reasoning is a fallacy of relevance: it fails to address the proposition in question by misrepresenting the opposing position. For example: Quoting an opponent's words out of context—i.e., choosing quotations that misrepresent the opponent's intentions (see fallacy of quoting out of context ).