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In epidemiology, a non-pharmaceutical intervention (NPI) is any method used to reduce the spread of an epidemic disease without requiring pharmaceutical drug treatments. Examples of non-pharmaceutical interventions that reduce the spread of infectious diseases include wearing a face mask and staying away from sick people .
In epidemiology, Bettencourt has developed new approaches based on Bayesian learning and probabilistic modeling to improve models of disease spread, health surveillance, and intervention strategies. His work quantified the diffusion of new scientific ideas using epidemic models, finding that their adoption involved intentional social ...
Field epidemiology as part of hurricane response measures. Field Epidemiology is the application of epidemiologic methods to unexpected health problems when a rapid on-site investigation is necessary for timely intervention. [1] A more expansive definition is: The practice of Epidemiology in the field. Work is done in communities often as a ...
This course provides basic knowledge of intervention epidemiology, including outbreak investigation, surveillance and applied research. Following the introductory course, fellows spend 23 months at a training site in an EU member state , Norway , Switzerland , the WHO or at the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC).
Many theoretical studies of the population dynamics, structure and evolution of infectious diseases of plants and animals, including humans, are concerned with this problem. [27] Research topics include: antigenic shift; epidemiological networks; evolution and spread of resistance; immuno-epidemiology; intra-host dynamics; Pandemic; pathogen ...
Opponents argued for many years that this type of study cannot prove causation, but the eventual results of cohort studies confirmed the causal link which the case–control studies suggested, [12] [13] and it is now accepted that tobacco smoking is the cause of about 87% of all lung cancer mortality in the US.
Two examples of cohort studies that have been going on for more than 50 years are the Framingham Heart Study and the National Child Development Study (NCDS), the most widely researched of the British birth cohort studies. Key findings of NCDS and a detailed profile of the study appear in the International Journal of Epidemiology. [6]
A quasi-experiment is an empirical study used to estimate the causal impact of an intervention. Quasi-experiments shares similarities with experiments or randomized controlled trials, but specifically lack random assignment to treatment or control. Instead, quasi-experimental designs typically allow assignment to treatment condition to proceed ...