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Osmotic pressure is the minimum pressure which needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of its pure solvent across a semipermeable membrane. [1] It is also defined as the measure of the tendency of a solution to take in its pure solvent by osmosis .
Osmoregulation is the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of an organism's body fluids, detected by osmoreceptors, to maintain the homeostasis of the organism's water content; that is, it maintains the fluid balance and the concentration of electrolytes (salts in solution which in this case is represented by body fluid) to keep the body fluids from becoming too diluted or concentrated.
The rate at which fluid is filtered across vascular endothelium (transendothelial filtration) is determined by the sum of two outward forces, capillary pressure and interstitial protein osmotic pressure (), and two absorptive forces, plasma protein osmotic pressure and interstitial pressure (). The Starling equation describes these forces in ...
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When the solutes around a cell become more or less concentrated, osmotic pressure causes water to flow into or out of the cell to equilibrate. [8] This osmotic stress inhibits cellular functions that depend on the activity of water in the cell, such as the functioning of its DNA and protein systems and proper assembly of its plasma membrane. [9]
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The pressure required to stop the flow across the membrane is called the osmotic pressure. [1] The osmotic pressure is measured and used to calculate M n {\displaystyle M_{n}} . In an ideally dilute solution, van ‘t Hoff's law of osmotic pressure can be used to calculate M n {\displaystyle M_{n}} from osmotic pressure.
This pressure is equivalent to a column of water (hydraulic head) 270 meters high. [7] In a real-world system, both the hydraulic pressure and the osmotic pressure will vary through the PRO system as a result of friction, water removal, and salt build up near the membranes. These factors reduce the achievable power below the ideal limit.