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Peer review is the evaluation of work by one or more people with similar competencies as the producers of the work . [1] It functions as a form of self-regulation by qualified members of a profession within the relevant field. Peer review methods are used to maintain quality standards, improve performance, and provide credibility.
Scholarly peer review or academic peer review (also known as refereeing) is the process of having a draft version of a researcher's methods and findings reviewed (usually anonymously) by experts (or "peers") in the same field.
Clinical peer review, also known as medical peer review is the process by which health care professionals, including those in nursing and pharmacy, evaluate each other's clinical performance. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] A discipline-specific process may be referenced accordingly (e.g., physician peer review , nursing peer review ).
The possibility of rejections of papers is an important aspect in peer review. The evaluation of quality of journals is based also on rejection rate. The best journals have the highest rejection rates (around 90–95%). [39] American Psychological Association journals' rejection rates ranged "from a low of 35 per cent to a high of 85 per cent."
The process of review articles being peer-reviewed is critical to their credibility. [9] The peer review process is a way to ensure the article is as polished and accurate as possible. Most often, those reviewing the article are fellow academics or experts within the field under discussion in the paper.
The peer review process contributes to quality control and it is an essential step to ascertain the standing and originality of the research. [14] Redundant publications: Publications generally should contain new unpublished material. [15]
The purpose of a technical peer review is to remove defects as early as possible in the development process. By removing defects at their origin (e.g., requirements and design documents, test plans and procedures, software code, etc.), technical peer reviews prevent defects from propagating through multiple phases and work products and reduce the overall amount of rework necessary on projects.
When performed as part of each Software development process activity, peer reviews identify problems that can be fixed early in the lifecycle. [1] That is to say, a peer review that identifies a requirements problem during the Requirements analysis activity is cheaper and easier to fix than during the Software architecture or Software testing ...