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The theory of space exploration had a solid basis in the Russian Empire before the First World War with the writings of the Russian and Soviet rocket scientist Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857–1935), who published pioneering papers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries on astronautic theory, including calculating the Rocket equation and in 1929 introduced the concept of the multistaged rocket.
The Soviet state television network broadcast live video of Tereshkova from a camera inside the capsule, and she conversed with Premier Nikita Khrushchev over the radio. Communications with ground controllers about her overall health were described in post-flight reports as "evasive", and later official accounts of the mission had somewhat ...
The Soviet space program viewed its crews as passengers more than pilots; the new cosmonauts received only three to four months of training, perhaps the briefest in space history other than that received by the American politicians Jake Garn and Bill Nelson for Space Shuttle flights in the 1980s. [9]: 413–414, 416
The Vostok programme (/ ˈ v ɒ s t ɒ k, v ɒ ˈ s t ɒ k /; Russian: Восток, IPA:, translated as "East") was a Soviet human spaceflight project to put the first Soviet cosmonauts into low Earth orbit and return them safely.
Model of the Vostok capsule with its carrier rocket's upper stage. Vostok 3 (Russian: Восток-3, lit. 'Orient 3' or 'East 3') and Vostok 4 (Восток-4, 'Orient 4' or 'East 4') were Soviet space program flights in August 1962, intended to determine the ability of the human body to function in conditions of weightlessness, test the ground control capability to launch and manage two ...
This is a list of the human spaceflight missions conducted by the Soviet space program.These missions belong to the Vostok, Voskhod, and Soyuz space programs.. The first patch from the Soviet Space Program was worn by Valentina Tereshkova, [1] then the same patch for the Voskhod 2, Soyuz 4/5 and Soyuz 11, [2] Soyuz 3 had an official insignia that wasn't worn during the flight, [3] and then in ...
Interkosmos (Russian: Интеркосмос) was a Soviet space program, designed to help the Soviet Union's allies with crewed and uncrewed space missions. The program was formed in April 1967 in Moscow. [1] [2] All members of the program from USSR were given the Hero of the Soviet Union medal or the Order of Lenin.
The Salyut programme (Russian: Салют, IPA:, meaning "salute" or "fireworks") was the first space station programme, undertaken by the Soviet Union.It involved a series of four crewed scientific research space stations and two crewed military reconnaissance space stations over a period of 15 years, from 1971 to 1986.