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Congestive heart failure (or Left ventricular systolic dysfunction) 1 H Hypertension: blood pressure consistently above 140/90 mmHg (or treated hypertension on medication) 1 A 2 Age ≥75 years 2 D Diabetes Mellitus 1 S 2 Prior Stroke or TIA or thromboembolism: 2 V
The diagnosis of TIC is made after excluding other causes of cardiomyopathy and observing resolution of the left ventricular systolic dysfunction with treatment of the tachycardia. [1] [5] [6] Specific tests that can be used in the diagnosis and monitoring of TIC include: [citation needed] electrocardiography (EKG)
Sleep apnea is an under-recognized risk factor for heart failure. Uncontrolled sleep apnea may increase the risk of heart failure by up to 140%. [4] Weight reduction – through physical activity and dietary modification, as obesity is a risk factor for heart failure and left ventricular hypertrophy. Effective weight management has been shown ...
It is almost always indicative of left ventricular systolic impairment, and carries a poor prognosis. The condition is relatively rare, and patients with the greatest risk for developing pulsus alternans include those with heart failure, cardiomyopathy , coronary artery disease, or other cardiac risk factors.
The progression of heart failure is associated with left ventricular remodeling, which manifests as gradual increases in left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes, wall thinning, and a change in chamber geometry to a more spherical, less elongated shape. This process is usually associated with a continuous decline in ejection fraction
Defects in cellular processes such as autophagy and mitophagy are thought to contribute to the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. [2] Diabetic cardiomyopathy is characterized functionally by ventricular dilation, enlargement of heart cells, prominent interstitial fibrosis and decreased or preserved systolic function [5] in the presence of a diastolic dysfunction.
To better understand diastolic function, it is crucial to realize that the left ventricle is a mechanical suction pump at, and for a little while after, the mitral valve opening. [5] In other words, when mitral valve opens, the atrium does not push blood into the ventricle, instead, it is the ventricle that mechanically "sucks" in blood from ...
Cardiac symptoms of heart failure include chest pain/pressure and palpitations.Common noncardiac signs and symptoms of heart failure include loss of appetite, nausea, weight loss, bloating, fatigue, weakness, low urine output, waking up at night to urinate, and cerebral symptoms of varying severity, ranging from anxiety to memory impairment and confusion.