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The German Empire (German: Deutsches Reich), [a] [15] [16] [17] [18] also referred to as Imperial Germany, [19] the Second Reich [b] [20] or simply Germany, was the ...
In referring to the entire period between 1871 and 1945, the partially translated English phrase "German Reich" (/-ˈ r aɪ k /) is applied by historians in formal contexts; [3] although in common English usage this state was and is known simply as Germany, the English term "German Empire" is reserved to denote the German state between 1871 and 1918.
They adopted the term Drittes Reich ("Third Empire" – usually rendered in English in the partial translation "the Third Reich"), first used in a 1923 book entitled Das Dritte Reich by Arthur Moeller van den Bruck, [7] that counted the medieval Holy Roman Empire (which nominally survived until the 19th century) as the first and the 1871–1918 ...
Beginning in 1923, early twentieth-century German nationalists and Nazi Party propaganda would identify the Holy Roman Empire as the "First" Reich (Erstes Reich, Reich meaning empire), with the German Empire as the "Second" Reich and what would eventually become Nazi Germany as the "Third" Reich. [44]
The latter, a translation of the Nazi propaganda term Drittes Reich, was first used in Das Dritte Reich, a 1923 book by Arthur Moeller van den Bruck. [7] The book counted the Holy Roman Empire (962–1806) as the first Reich and the German Empire (1871–1918) as the second.
The Weimar Republic, [d] officially known as the German Reich, [e] was a historical period of Germany from 9 November 1918 to 23 March 1933, during which it was a constitutional republic for the first time in history; hence it is also referred to, and unofficially proclaimed itself, as the German Republic.
Top left: Otto von Bismarck was the first chancellor of Germany with the creation of the North German Confederation and later the German Empire. Top right: Konrad Adenauer was the first chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany. Bottom left: Helmut Kohl was chancellor during the period of German reunification in 1990.
11 July: The law of 8 July dissolving the second chamber of the Prussian legislature, the Prussian State Council, and creating a reconstituted Prussian State Council as an advisory, non-legislative body comes into effect. The Council President is Hermann Göring and it holds its first session on 15 September.