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String theory has been used to construct a variety of models of particle physics going beyond the standard model. Typically, such models are based on the idea of compactification. Starting with the ten- or eleven-dimensional spacetime of string or M-theory, physicists postulate a shape for the extra dimensions.
At low energies, type IIB string theory is described by type IIB supergravity in ten dimensions which is a chiral theory (left–right asymmetric) with (2,0) d=10 supersymmetry; the fact that the anomalies in this theory cancel is therefore nontrivial.
Hitchin functionals arise in many areas of string theory. An example is the compactifications of the 10-dimensional string with a subsequent orientifold projection using an involution. In this case, is the internal 6 (real) dimensional Calabi-Yau space.
Some physicists (e.g., John Baez et al.) have speculated that the exceptional Lie groups E 6, E 7 and E 8 having maximum orthogonal subgroups SO(10), SO(12) and SO(16) may be related to theories in 10, 12 and 16 dimensions; 10 dimensions corresponding to string theory and the 12 and 16 dimensional theories being yet undiscovered but would be ...
The most famous example of the AdS/CFT correspondence states that type IIB string theory on the product space AdS 5 × S 5 is equivalent to N = 4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory on the four-dimensional boundary. [27]
An 11-dimensional theory introduced in the second string theory revolution to unify the 5 known superstring theories. The letter M has been said to stand for membrane, matrix, magic, mystery, monster, and so on. MSW Mikheyev–Smirnov–Wolfenstein effect concerning neutrino oscillations in matter. multiplet
String phenomenology is the part of string theory that attempts to construct realistic models of particle physics based on string and M-theory. [64] Typically, such models are based on the idea of compactification. [l] Starting with the ten- or eleven-dimensional spacetime of string or M-theory, physicists postulate a shape for the extra ...
A diagram of string theory dualities. Blue edges indicate S-duality. Red edges indicate T-duality. Up until the mid 1990s, physicists working on string theory believed there were five distinct versions of the theory: type I, type IIA, type IIB, and the two flavors of heterotic string theory (SO(32) and E 8 ×E 8). The different theories allow ...