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The gall itself is a typical oak apple gall in appearance, roughly spherical and varies from greenish to reddish or orange depending on host, age and environmental conditions. The galls range in size from a 2–14 cm across and often contain multiple larvae as well as parasites and other species that form a mutual relationship by feeding off ...
Andricus confertus, the convoluted gall wasp, is a fairly common species of cynipid wasp that produces galls on oak trees in California in North America. This gall, with its pink, brain-like appearance, is actually a cluster of galls. [1] In summer, parthenogenetic female larvae induce these galls on the underside of valley oak leaves, along ...
Dryocosmus minusculus is an abundant species of cynipid wasp that produces galls on oak trees in California in North America. [1] [2] Commonly known as the pumpkin gall wasp, the wasp oviposits on the leaves of Quercus agrifolia, Quercus wislizenii, and Quercus kelloggii. In spring and summer, larvae induce round galls reaching 1 mm across.
It is found in North America, where it induces galls on a variety of oak trees, including Oregon oak, valley oak, California scrub oak, blue oak, [1] [2] and leather oak. [3] Like other oak gall wasps, it has two generations: a bisexual generation, and a parthenogenetic female generation. The all-female generation's galls appear in late spring ...
Dryocosmus dubiosus is an abundant species of cynipid wasp that produces galls on oak trees in California in North America. [1] [2] Commonly known as the two-horned gall wasp, the wasp oviposits on the leaves and catkins of coast live oaks and interior live oaks. [1] After the eggs hatch, the resulting gall form looks like it has a set of bull ...
Neuroterus fragilis, also known as the succulent gall wasp, is a species of oak gall wasp. It induces galls in oak trees in California, including leather oak, California scrub oak, blue oak, and valley oak. [1] [2] Adults are small, 0.7–1.2 millimetres (0.028–0.047 in), with yellow legs. [3]
Callirhytis serricornis, formerly Andricus serricornis, the kernel flower gall wasp, is a species of hymenopteran that produces galls on oak trees in California in North America. The wasp oviposits on coast live oak and interior live oak and induces a gall shaped roughly like a bottle or vase. The gall is brown in the first generation, and red ...
Oak galls have been used in the production of ink since at least the time of the Roman Empire. From the Middle Ages to the early twentieth century, iron gall ink was the main medium used for writing in the Western world. [2] Gall nuts are a source of tannin in the production of iron gall ink. Tannins belong to a group of molecules known as ...