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β 1-Adrenergic receptor agonists, also known as beta-1 agonists, are a class of drugs that bind selectively to the β 1-adrenergic receptor. As a result, they act more selectively upon the heart . β-Adrenoceptors typically bind to norepinephrine release by sympathetic adrenergic nerves and to circulating epinephrine .
Beta adrenergic agonists or beta agonists are medications that relax muscles of the airways, causing widening of the airways and resulting in easier breathing. [1] They are a class of sympathomimetic agents, each acting upon the beta adrenoceptors . [ 2 ]
The mechanisms of sympathomimetic drugs can be direct-acting (direct interaction between drug and receptor), such as α-adrenergic agonists, β-adrenergic agonists, and dopaminergic agonists; or indirect-acting (interaction not between drug and receptor), such as MAOIs, COMT inhibitors, release stimulants, and reuptake inhibitors that increase the levels of endogenous catecholamines.
The beta-1 adrenergic receptor (β 1 adrenoceptor), also known as ADRB1, can refer to either the protein-encoding gene (gene ADRB1) or one of the four adrenergic receptors. [5] It is a G-protein coupled receptor associated with the Gs heterotrimeric G-protein that is expressed predominantly in cardiac tissue.
When used as a food additive, ractopamine added to feed can be distributed by the blood to the muscle tissues, where it serves as a full agonist to murine (mouse or rat) TAAR1, a receptor protein (not necessarily in humans). [1] It is also an agonist to beta-adrenergic receptors [2] and a dopamine releasing agent. [13]
Beta1 blocker will stop the action of beta-1 receptor via occupying the beta-1 receptor without any activation. [5] The beta-1 receptor is a G-protein-coupled receptor with Gs alpha subunit as its main communication method. [5] By signaling Gs, adenylyl cyclase is recruited to activate a cAMP pathway, which potentiates the receptor. [5]
Clenbuterol is a growth-promoting drug in the β agonist class of compounds. It is not licensed for use in China, [21] the United States, [20] or the EU [22] for food-producing animals, but some countries have approved it for animals not used for food, and a few countries have approved it for therapeutic uses in food-producing animals.
Isoprenaline is a β 1-and β 2-adrenergic receptor full agonist and has almost no activity at the α-adrenergic receptors at lower concentrations. [15] [21] It has similar affinity for the β 1 - and β 2-adrenergic receptors. [21] [8] At higher concentrations, isoprenaline can also evoke responses mediated by α-adrenergic receptors.