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In mathematics, sine and cosine are trigonometric functions of an angle.The sine and cosine of an acute angle are defined in the context of a right triangle: for the specified angle, its sine is the ratio of the length of the side that is opposite that angle to the length of the longest side of the triangle (the hypotenuse), and the cosine is the ratio of the length of the adjacent leg to that ...
For example, in the case of an unweighted dice, Chebyshev's inequality says that odds of rolling between 1 and 6 is at least 53%; in reality, the odds are of course 100%. [38] The Kolmogorov inequality extends the Chebyshev inequality to the context of sums of random variables.
Mathematically, an ellipse can be represented by the formula: r = p 1 + ε cos θ , {\displaystyle r={\frac {p}{1+\varepsilon \,\cos \theta }},} where p {\displaystyle p} is the semi-latus rectum , ε is the eccentricity of the ellipse, r is the distance from the Sun to the planet, and θ is the angle to the planet's current position from ...
The total dependency ratio is the total numbers of the children (ages 0–14) and elderly (ages 65+) populations per 100 people of adults (ages 15–64). A high total dependency ratio indicates that the adult population and the overall economy face a greater burden to support and provide social services for youth and elderly persons, who are often economically dependent.
In addition to giving area formulas and methods for multiplication, division and working with unit fractions, it also contains evidence of other mathematical knowledge, [33] including composite and prime numbers; arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means; and simplistic understandings of both the Sieve of Eratosthenes and perfect number theory ...
In 1975, Sebastian von Hoerner proposed a formula for population growth which represented hyperbolic growth with an infinite population in 2025. [141] The hyperbolic growth of the world population observed until the 1970s was later correlated to a non-linear second-order positive feedback between demographic growth and technological development.
Rostov-on-Don [a] is a port city and the administrative centre of Rostov Oblast and the Southern Federal District of Russia.It lies in the southeastern part of the East European Plain on the Don River, 32 kilometers (20 mi) from the Sea of Azov, directly north of the North Caucasus.
Vienna (/ v i ˈ ɛ n ə / ⓘ vee-EN-ə; [8] [9] German: Wien ⓘ; Austro-Bavarian: Wean) is the capital, most populous city, and one of nine federal states of Austria.It is Austria's primate city, with just over two million inhabitants.