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Q v [nb 3] lumen second: lm⋅s T⋅J: The lumen second is sometimes called the talbot. Luminous flux, luminous power Φ v [nb 3] lumen (= candela steradian) lm (= cd⋅sr) J: Luminous energy per unit time Luminous intensity: I v: candela (= lumen per steradian) cd (= lm/sr) J: Luminous flux per unit solid angle: Luminance: L v: candela per ...
The frequency at which vortex shedding takes place for a cylinder is related to the Strouhal number by the following equation: = Where is the dimensionless Strouhal number, is the vortex shedding frequency (Hz), is the diameter of the cylinder (m), and is the flow velocity (m/s).
Rapidity is the value of artanh(v / c) for velocity v and speed of light c. In special relativity, the classical concept of velocity is converted to rapidity to accommodate the limit determined by the speed of light. Velocities must be combined by Einstein's velocity-addition formula. For low speeds, rapidity and velocity are almost exactly ...
Its initial value is 1 (when v = 0); and as velocity approaches the speed of light (v → c) γ increases without bound (γ → ∞). α (Lorentz factor inverse) as a function of velocity—a circular arc. In the table below, the left-hand column shows speeds as different fractions of the speed of light (i.e. in units of c). The middle column ...
Intuitively the ratio measures the steepness of the strokes, viewed from the side (e.g., assuming movement through a stationary fluid) – f is the stroke frequency, A is the amplitude, so the numerator fA is half the vertical speed of the wing tip, while the denominator V is the horizontal speed. Thus the graph of the wing tip forms an ...
Examples of unexpected applications of mathematical theories can be found in many areas of mathematics. A notable example is the prime factorization of natural numbers that was discovered more than 2,000 years before its common use for secure internet communications through the RSA cryptosystem. [127]
The word diffusion derives from the Latin word, diffundere, which means "to spread out". A distinguishing feature of diffusion is that it depends on particle random walk, and results in mixing or mass transport without requiring directed bulk motion. Bulk motion, or bulk flow, is the characteristic of advection. [1]
Soap bubbles are physical examples of the complex mathematical problem of minimal surface. They will assume the shape of least surface area possible containing a given volume. A true minimal surface is more properly illustrated by a soap film , which has equal pressure on both sides, becoming a surface with zero mean curvature .